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词条 Forza Italia (2013)
释义

  1. History

     Background and foundation  Internal struggles and Toti's rise  2015 regional elections and splits  Toward a new centre-right coalition  2018 general election 

  2. Ideology and factions

  3. Electoral results

     Italian Parliament  European Parliament  Regional Councils 

  4. Leadership

  5. Symbols

  6. Anthem

  7. Notes

  8. References

  9. External links

{{for|the defunct political party active between 1994 and 2009|Forza Italia}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}{{Infobox political party
| colorcode = {{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}
| name = Forza Italia
| logo =
| leader1_title = President
| leader1_name = Silvio Berlusconi
| leader2_title = Vice President
| leader2_name = Antonio Tajani
| foundation = {{start date|df=y|2013|11|16}}
| dissolution =
| predecessor = The People of Freedom
| headquarters = Piazza San Lorenzo in Lucina 4, Rome
| newspaper = Il Mattinale
| youth_wing = Forza Italia Giovani
| membership = 106,000[1]
| membership_year = 2015
| ideology = {{nowrap|Liberal conservatism[2]
Christian democracy[2]
Liberalism[3]
Populism[4][5]}}
| position = Centre-right[6]
| national = Centre-right coalition
| european = European People's Party
| europarl = European People's Party
| international =
| seats1_title = Chamber of Deputies[7]
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|105|630|{{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
| seats2_title = Senate[8]
| seats2 = {{Composition bar|61|315|{{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
| seats3_title = European Parliament
| seats3 = {{Composition bar|12|73|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
| seats4_title = Regional Presidents
| seats4 = {{Composition bar|3|20|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
| seats5_title = Regional
Councils
| seats5 = {{Composition bar|95|897|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
| colors = {{Color box|{{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} Azure
| website = {{URL|http://www.forzaitalia.it/}}
| flag =
| country = Italy
}}

Forza Italia[9] (translated to "Forward Italy"[2][10][11][12][13][14] or "Let's Go Italy",[15][16][17][18] known also by its acronym FI) is a centre-right political party in Italy whose ideology includes elements of liberal conservatism, Christian democracy, and liberalism. Its leader is Silvio Berlusconi, former Prime Minister of Italy (1994–1995, 2001–2006, 2008–2011).

The party, formed out of the former People of Freedom (PdL), is a revival of the defunct Forza Italia (FI), active from 1994 to 2009, when it was merged with National Alliance (AN) and several minor parties to form the PdL. Forza Italia's leading members include Antonio Tajani (President of the European Parliament), Elisabetta Casellati (President of the Senate), Giovanni Toti (President of Liguria), Donato Toma (President of Molise), Renato Brunetta, Paolo Romani, Mariastella Gelmini, Anna Maria Bernini, Elisabetta Gardini, Maurizio Gasparri, Renato Schifani, Mara Carfagna and Stefania Prestigiacomo.

On 11 September 2014 FI was admitted into the European People's Party (EPP), inheriting the PdL's membership.[19]

FI is a much smaller party than the original FI and the early PdL, due to the splits of Future and Freedom (2010), the Brothers of Italy (2012), the New Centre-Right (2013), the Conservative and Reformists (2015) and the Liberal Popular Alliance (2015).[20] In the 2018 general election FI was overtaken by Lega Nord as the largest party of the centre-right coalition.

History

Background and foundation

The new FI, announced in June 2013,[21][22] was launched on 18 September[23][24][25][26] and the PdL was formally dissolved into the party on 16 November.[27] The day before a group of dissidents (mainly Christian democrats), led by Berlusconi's former protégé Angelino Alfano, had broken away by announcing the foundation of the alternative New Centre-Right (NCD).[28] Another group of PdL members, led by former mayor of Rome Gianni Alemanno, had left the party earlier in order to form Italy First (they would later join the Brothers of Italy, FdI).[29] According to Berlusconi, the PdL would become a coalition of centre-right parties, including the new FI, Lega Nord (LN), the NCD, the FdI, etc.[30]

Among the supporters of the return to FI, the so-called "hawks"[31] and self-proclaimed "loyalists",[32] a leading role was played by Raffaele Fitto, who, despite the common Christian-democratic background, was a long-time rival of Alfano. Loyalists included Antonio Martino, Renato Brunetta, Denis Verdini, Mariastella Gelmini, Mara Carfagna, Daniela Santanchè, Niccolò Ghedini and Daniele Capezzone, while Maurizio Gasparri, Altero Matteoli and Paolo Romani tried to mediate, but finally joined the new FI.[33][34] The symbol of FI made its return in the 2013 Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol provincial elections, although in a regional fashion: "Forza Trentino"[35] and "Forza Alto Adige" (in list with Lega Nord Alto Adige – Südtirol).[36]

On 27 November the Senate approved Berlusconi's expulsion,[37] following the leader's conviction for tax evasion in August, when Berlusconi was sentenced to four years of imprisonment, the last three being automatically pardoned.[38] The day before FI had joined the opposition to Enrico Letta's government,[39] which was still supported by Alfano's NCD instead. The latter voted against Berlusconi's expulsion,[40][41] but since then completely parted ways from FI.

Internal struggles and Toti's rise

As of the end of December 2013, Berlusconi was set to appoint two vice-presidents: Antonio Tajani (European Commissioner and vice-president of the European People's Party) and Giovanni Toti (former editor of Studio Aperto and TG4,[42] two news programs of Berlusconi's Mediaset).[43] As a result of the resentment by the party's old guard, notably including Fitto, on the alleged appointment of Toti also as coordinator-at-large, Berlusconi appointed him merely "political counselor" to the party.[44][45]

In the 2014 European Parliament election FI obtained 16.8% of the vote and 13 MEPs elected, including Toti in the North-West, Tajani (who had first been elected to the European Parliament in 1994) in the Centre and, most notably, Fitto (who garnered more than 180,000 votes in his native Apulia alone) in the South.[46]

Fitto, the strongest backer of Berlusconi's leadership in late 2013, became his main internal challenger by mid 2014. After months of bickering with Berlusconi over the so-called "Nazareno pact" with Matteo Renzi, leader of the Democratic Party and Prime Minister, in February 2015 Fitto launched his own faction, named "Rebuilders".[47] Fitto's supporters included Capezzone, Maurizio Bianconi, Rocco Palese, Saverio Romano, Cinzia Bonfrisco, Augusto Minzolini and most Apulian MPs.[48]

2015 regional elections and splits

In the run-up of the 2015 regional elections the party was riven in internal disputes and was divided mainly in three groups: Berlusconi's loyalists, Fitto's "Rebuilders" and nostalgics of the "Nazareno pact".[49][50] The latter were led by Verdini and some of them, notably including Bondi, were openly pro-Renzi.[51][52] Bondi, a former Berlusconi loyalist, and his partner Manuela Repetti left the party in March,[53][54] while other disgruntled Verdiniani propped up the government from time to time. Berlusconi chose Toti as candidate for President in Liguria, confirmed incumbent Stefano Caldoro as the party's standard-bearer in Campania and renewed their support of LN's Luca Zaia in Veneto.[55] However, Berlusconi and Fitto did not find an agreement on the composition of the slates in Apulia, where the two wings of the party fielded two opposing candidates for president,[56][57][58] and similar problems arose in Tuscany,[59] Verdini's (and Renzi's) home region and stronghold.

Two weeks before the regional election, Fitto left the European People's Party Group in the European Parliament in order to join the European Conservatives and Reformists.[60] He also left FI altogether and launched his own party, named Conservatives and Reformists (CR) too.[61] By mid July, when CR was formally established as a party, nine deputies, ten senators and another MEP had left FI in order to follow Fitto.[62][63][64][65][65]

In the elections the party lost many votes, mainly to the LN, and gained more than 10% only in three regions out seven (including Apulia, where the party's candidate did worse than Fitto's one, while, in Veneto, a former stronghold, FI barely reached 6%), but, thanks to the LN's strong showing, Toti was elected President of Liguria.

Another split occurred in late July, when Verdini led his group out of the party and launched the Liberal Popular Alliance (ALA).[66][67][68]

Toward a new centre-right coalition

In the 2016 Milan municipal election FI found a strong candidate for mayor in Stefano Parisi, a former director-general of Confindustria and CEO of Fastweb, who pulled the party to 20.2% (virtually double than the LN's score), but however narrowly lost to his Democratic opponent in the run-off, Giuseppe Sala. After the election, FI was basically divided in two camps: one led by Parisi, who did not officially joined the party and proposed a more traditional centre-right "liberal-popular" path, and the other led by Toti, who had formed a strong partnership with Roberto Maroni and Luca Zaia, the LN's Presidents of Lombardy and Veneto, and was supportive of a full-scale alliance with LN and, possibly, of its leader Matteo Salvini's bid to become the leader of the centre-right coalition.[69][70][71] In November, when it was clear that Parisi would not come to terms with Salvini, Berlusconi disowned Parisi,[72][73] who responded by launching his own Energies for Italy (EpI) party.[74][75][76]

Since then, the party has strengthened its position in parliament, thanks to an influx of MPs from other parties, including several returning after years of dissent. In August 2016 the party was re-joined by two senators, including Renato Schifani from the NCD and another from the ALA. In November came Mario Mauro and his Populars for Italy (PpI).[77] Since June 2017 the party was joined by three deputies and one senator from Popular Alternative (AP, ex-NCD), one deputy and one senator from the Mixed Group (ex-Five Star Movement, M5S), one deputy from Direction Italy (DI, ex-CR), one from Solidary Democracy (Demo.S), one from Act! (F!, ex-LN) and two senators from the ALA.[78][77] Particularly, Enrico Costa left AP and resigned from minister of Regional Affairs in Paolo Gentiloni's centre-left government,[79] aiming at forming a "liberal centre" with FI.[80] In the context of a more united centre-right, Costa might form the "fourth leg" of the coalition, after the LN, FI and the FdI, by uniting other AP splinters, DI, F!, Identity and Action (IdeA), the Italian Liberal Party (PLI), the Union of the Centre (UdC), and the Pensioners' Party (PP),[81][82][83] all variously affiliated with FI and the centre-right. Not all FI members were happy with all that, in fact two senators and one deputy, Daniela Santanchè, switched to the FdI.[84]

In January 2017 Antonio Tajani was elected President of the European Parliament, the first Italian since Emilio Colombo (1977–1979).

2018 general election

In the 2018 general election FI obtained 14.0% of the vote and was overtaken by the LN for the first time as the largest party of the centre-right. After the election, long-time FI senator Elisabetta Casellati, was appointed President of the Senate, with centre-right's and M5S' support. After months of negotiations, the centre-right fragmented as the LN chose to team up with the M5S and formed a yellow-green government, also dubbed as Government of Change, under Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte.

In July Berlusconi appointed Tajani, who had been previously tipped as candidate for Prime Minister in the run-up of the 2018 general election,[85] vice president and Adriano Galliani coordinator of departments,[86][87][88] in an effort to restructure the party, which was shrinking in opinion polls.

Ideology and factions

FI's ideology is similar to that of its predecessor, The People of Freedom (PdL), a big tent centre-right party including Christian democrats, liberals, conservatives and social democrats. Indeed, FI presents itself as a "liberal", "Catholic", "reformist" and "moderate" alternative to the left in alliance with the right,[89][90][91] but not rightist itself.[92]

The PdL's break-up and the exit of the New Centre-Right (NCD) left FI with a more liberal base. Generally speaking, with the long-prepared return to FI, Berlusconi aimed at returning to the party's "liberal roots": in doing that, he reinforced his ties with those liberals, like Antonio Martino, who had been marginalised in the PdL,[93] while losing many of its Christian democrats and conservatives to the NCD. However, after NCD's internal struggles, its transformation into Popular Alternative (AP) and several splits, some NCD conservatives have returned to FI. Moreover, in 2015 FI lost several liberal MPs, who formed the Liberal Popular Alliance in support to Matteo Renzi's cabinet.

On social issues, most FI politicians are conservative, even though a minority of them can be considered liberal. According to an article from Corriere della Sera, on the so-called "ethical issues" (abortion, LGBT rights, etc.), the party aimed at returning to its 1994's original values (including "liberalism, the socialist roots, even the radical component"), respected its MPs' "freedom of conscience" and was open to civil unions while NCD's positions were "closer to those of the European traditionalist right".[94] In October 2014 Berlusconi personally endorsed Renzi's proposals on civil unions for gays and a quicker path to citizenship to Italian-born children of immigrants.[95] However, recent developments proved the party more socially conservative. FI clarified that it considers marriage solely as the union between a man and a woman.[96] The majority of its members voted against civil unions, whereas the NCD voted in favour.[97][98] Moreover, the party is critical of teaching gender studies in schools.[99] Party members are generally pro-life and therefore seek to limit abortion[100] and euthanasia.[101] The party has criticized illegal immigration and the way it has been managed by centre-left coalition governments.[102] It has also declared itself against the introduction of jus soli in Italy.[103] In addition, the party is opposed to drug liberalization, which it considers potentially negative for health and not useful for solving criminal matters.[104] When FI's predecessors were in power, they restricted the legislation on the matter, with the Fini-Giovanardi law.[105] Finally, FI considers Italy as a country with a Christian civilization and, thus, favours displaying Christian symbols in public places.[106]

On economic issues, FI is more supportive of the private rather than the public sector. It aims at representing business owners' interests. Therefore, it has often advocated for a reduction of taxation, red tape and public expenditure. One of its latest proposals is the introduction of a flat tax. In addition, FI is more supportive of free trade agreements rather than protectionism.[107]

On foreign policy, the party supports the European Union (EU), despite elements of criticism, NATO, and a close relationship with the United States. FI also seeks good relations with Russia, especially in defence of the interests of Italian companies that export to the Russian market.[108] The party is a member of the Europeanist, centre-right European People's Party (EPP). Whereas most of its members are supportive of the European Union (EU), the most notable example being Antonio Tajani (President of the European Parliament since 2017), others are slightly Eurosceptic and have criticised the Euro and Germany's role in the EU.[109][110][111] The party refuses the "Eurosceptic" label, while supporting a reform of the EU.[112] In 2017 Berlusconi reconciled with Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany and one of the EPP leaders, after years of hostility, re-affirming his support to the European integration and his hostility towards populism.[113][114][115]

FI is a very diverse party, including several factions and ideological trends. A list of FI's organised factions and associate parties is available in the following template:

{{Forza Italia (2013) factions}}

The party's leading faction has however been not an organised one. Named the "magic circle" by journalists (a reference to a defunct faction within Lega Nord), it is composed of Berlusconi's closest allies, notably including Giovanni Toti, Mariarosaria Rossi, Deborah Bergamini and Francesca Pascale (Berlusconi's partner);[116] Since being elected President of Liguria in 2015, Toti has become more autonomous from Berlusconi and a strong supporter of closer ties with Lega Nord.[117][118]

Electoral results

Italian Parliament

Chamber of Deputies
Election yearVotes%Seats+/−Leader
2018 4,596,956 (4th) 14.0106|630|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
–
Silvio Berlusconi
Senate of the Republic
Election yearVotes%Seats+/−Leader
2018 4,358,004 (4th) 14.458|315|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
–
Silvio Berlusconi

European Parliament

European Parliament
Election yearVotes%Seats+/−Leader
2014 4,614,364 (3rd) 16.813|73|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
–
Silvio Berlusconi

Regional Councils

RegionElection yearVotes%Seats+/−
Aosta Valley 2018In a joint list with Brothers of Italy.}} 2.90|35|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
–
Piedmont 2014 302,743 (3rd) 15.67|50|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
{{decrease}} 6
Lombardy 2018 750,628 (4th) 14.314|80|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
{{decrease}} 5
South Tyrol 2018 2,825 (12th) 1.00|35|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
{{decrease}} 1
Trentino 2018 7,204 (10th) 2.81|35|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
–
Veneto 2015 110,573 (5th) 6.03|51|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
{{decrease}} 14
Friuli-Venezia Giulia 2018 50,908 (3rd) 12.15|49|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
{{decrease}} 3
Emilia-Romagna 2014 100,478 (4th) 8.42|50|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
{{decrease}} 8
Liguria 2015 68,283 (4th) 12.73|31|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
{{decrease}} 7
Tuscany 2015 112,658 (4th) 8.52|41|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
{{decrease}} 14
Marche 2015 49,884 (4th) 9.42|31|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
{{decrease}} 10
Umbria 2015 30,017 (4th) 8.52|20|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
{{decrease}} 6
Lazio 2018 371,155 (3rd) 14.66|50|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
{{decrease}} 3
Abruzzo 2019 54,223 (4th) 9.03|31|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
{{decrease}} 2
Molise 2018 13,627 (2nd) 9.44|21|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
{{increase}} 2
Campania 2015 405,550 (2nd) 17.87|51|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
{{decrease}} 14
Apulia 2015 181,896 (3rd) 10.86|51|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
{{decrease}} 15
Basilicata2019 26,457 (3rd) 9.143|21|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
–
Calabria 2014 95,979 (3rd) 12.25|30|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
{{decrease}} 10
Sicily 2017 315,056 (2nd) 16.414|70|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
{{increase}} 2
Sardinia 2019 56,450 (5th) 8.016|60|hex={{Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color}}}}
{{decrease}} 5
{{notelist}}

Leadership

  • President: Silvio Berlusconi (2013–present)
  • Vice President: Antonio Tajani (2018–present)
  • Coordinator of Departments: Francesco Giro (2015–2018), Adriano Galliani (2018–present)
  • Political Counselor: Giovanni Toti (2014–present)
  • Chief of Staff: Mariarosaria Rossi (2014–present)
  • Spokesperson: Deborah Bergamini (2014–2018), Giorgio Mulé (2018–present)
  • Organisational secretary: Gregorio Fontana (2015–present)
  • Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies: Renato Brunetta (2013–2018), Mariastella Gelmini (2018–present)
  • Party Leader in the Senate: Paolo Romani (2013–2018), Anna Maria Bernini (2018–present)
  • Party Leader in the European Parliament: Raffaele Baldassarre (2013–2014), Elisabetta Gardini (2014–present)

Symbols

Anthem

Notes

1. ^{{cite news|title=Forza Italia, i tormenti di un partito|url=http://www.corriere.it/politica/15_maggio_17/berlusconi-tormenti-partito-nuovo-leader-forza-italia-c63f0202-fc63-11e4-9e3e-6f5f0dae9d63.shtml|author=Paola Di Caro|publisher=il Corriere della Sera|date=17 May 2015}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/italy.html|title=Italy|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|first=Wolfram|last=Nordsieck|accessdate=18 May 2018|date=2018}}
3. ^{{cite news |author= Carlo Taormina |url= http://www.iltempo.it/politica/2013/11/28/news/silvio-rialza-la-bandiera-liberale-e-liberista-916688 |title= Silvio rialza la bandiera liberale e liberista|editor=Il Tempo|date=28 November 2013}}
4. ^{{Cite book |first=Dwayne |last=Woods |title=The Many Faces of Populism in Italy: The Northern League and Berlusconism |work=The Many Faces of Populism: Current Perspectives |publisher=Emerald Group |year=2014 |pages=28, 41–44}}
5. ^{{cite news|URL=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2015/08/30/piero-ignazi-chi-sono-i-populisti-lega-e-forza-italia-m5s-difende-le-regole/1993649/|title=Chi sono i populisti? Lega e Forza Italia. M5s difende le regole|author=Pietro Ignazi|newspaper=il Fatto Quotidiano|date=30 August 2015}}
6. ^{{cite book|author=Nicolò Conti|chapter=No Longer Pro-European? Politicisation and contestation of Europe and Italy|editor1=Andrea Mammone|editor2=Ercole Giap Parini|editor3=Giuseppe Veltri|title=The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Italy: History, Politics, Society|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ9hCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA139|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-48755-5|page=139}}
7. ^Including the single deputies of Christian Revolution, the New Italian Socialist Party, the Pensioners' Party, Renaissance and Veneto for Autonomy.
8. ^Including three senators of the Union of the Centre, one senator of the Fassa Association, one of Identity and Action and one of the Union of Democrats for Europe.
9. ^The name is not usually translated into English: forza is the second-person singular imperative of forzare, in this case translating to "to compel" or "to press", and so means something like "Forward, Italy", "Come on, Italy" or "Go, Italy!". Forza Italia! was used as a sport slogan, and was also the slogan of Christian Democracy in the 1987 general election (see Giovanni Baccarin, Che fine ha fatto la DC?, Gregoriana, Padova 2000). See Forza Italia for details.
10. ^{{cite book|author=Michael J. Romano|title=CliffsNotes AP European History with CD-ROM|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GvAnEkaxMMwC&pg=PA231|date=4 October 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-55100-4|pages=231–}}
11. ^{{cite book|author1=Bertrand Badie|author2=Dirk Berg-Schlosser|author3=Leonardo Morlino|title=International Encyclopedia of Political Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wr91AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1796|date=7 September 2011|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6649-7|pages=1796–}}
12. ^{{cite book|author1=Thomas Jansen|author2=Steven Van Hecke|title=At Europe's Service: The Origins and Evolution of the European People's Party|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXEA8XGdEb8C&pg=PA63|year=2011|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-642-19414-6|page=63–65}}
13. ^{{cite book|author=Tom Lansford|title=Political Handbook of the World 2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNGfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT3066|date=24 March 2015|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4833-7155-9|pages=3066–}}
14. ^{{cite book|author=Donatella M. Viola|title=Routledge Handbook of European Elections|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7stgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA115|date=14 August 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-50363-7|pages=115–}}
15. ^{{cite book|author1=Stephen Gundle|author2=Simon Parker|title=The New Italian Republic: From the Fall of the Berlin Wall to Berlusconi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXiJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135|date=1 November 2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-80791-8|pages=135–}}
16. ^{{cite book|author1=Peter Mair|author2=Wolfgang C Müller|author3=Fritz Plasser|title=Political Parties and Electoral Change: Party Responses to Electoral Markets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTE4psIODgcC&pg=PA144|date=9 June 2004|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-4719-6|pages=144–}}
17. ^{{cite book|author=Stephen P. Koff|title=Italy: From the 1st to the 2nd Republic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdqFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|date=7 March 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-64369-1|pages=44–}}
18. ^{{cite book|author=J. Colomer|title=The Handbook of Electoral System Choice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hzdaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA244|date=5 January 2016|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-52274-9|pages=244–}}
19. ^{{cite news|title=Forza Italia membro d'ufficio Ppe come erede del Pdl|url=http://www.ansa.it/europa/notizie/rubriche/altrenews/2014/09/11/forza-italia-membro-dufficio-ppe-come-erede-del-pdl_0e42e102-cf32-4261-a450-e0ddad7aaa4d.html|journal=Ansa.it|language=Italian|date=19 September 2014}}
20. ^{{cite journal|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21661042-silvio-berlusconis-once-dominant-forza-italia-party-disintegrating-not-so-forza-any-more |title=Italian politics: Not so forza any more |journal=The Economist |date=13 August 2015 |accessdate=2017-03-16}}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/notizie/2013-06-28/berlusconi-sostegno-convinto-leale-201248.shtml |title=Berlusconi al Tg1: torna Forza Italia e sarò io a guidarla |date=28 June 2013 |accessdate=28 July 2013 |language=Italian |publisher=Il Sole 24 Ore}}
22. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2013/06/28/news/berlusconi-62047776/ |title=Berlusconi annuncia ritorno di Forza Italia. "Temo che sarò ancora il numero uno" |date=28 June 2013 |accessdate=24 August 2013 |language=Italian |publisher=la Repubblica}}
23. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-18/berlusconi-revives-forza-italia-in-plea-for-help-against-trials.html |title=Berlusconi Revives Forza Italia in Plea for Help Against Trials |date=18 September 2013 |publisher=Bloomberg News}}
24. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/berlusconi-forza-italia-video-message-trial-senate-507145 |title=Silvio Berlusconi Relaunches Forza Italia on Senate Ousting Vote |date=18 September 2013 |publisher=International Business Times}}
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References

{{reflist}}

External links

  • Official website
{{Italian political parties}}{{European People's Party}}

7 : Political parties in Italy|2013 establishments in Italy|Christian democratic parties in Italy|Liberal conservative parties|Member parties of the European People's Party|Political parties established in 2013|Parties represented in the European Parliament
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