请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Bihari languages
释义

  1. Speakers

  2. Some major languages and dialects included in Bihari group

  3. References and footnotes

  4. External links

{{Original research|date=October 2017}}{{Infobox language family
|name=Bihari
|region=India and Nepal
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=Indo-Iranian
|fam3=Indo-Aryan
|fam4=Eastern Zone
|child1 = Angika
|child2 = Bhojpuri
|child3 = Kudmali
|child4 = Magahi
|child5 = Maithili
|child6 = Majhi
|child7 = Musasa
|child8 = Panchpargania
|child9 = Nagpuri
|child10 = Surjapuri
|child11 = some Tharu languages
|glotto = biha1245
|glottorefname=Bihari
|iso1=bh
|iso2=bih
}}

Bihari is the western group of Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, mainly spoken in the Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh and also in Nepal.

[1][2]

Despite the large number of speakers of these languages, only Maithili has been constitutionally recognised in India, which gained constitutional status via the 92nd amendment to the Constitution of India, of 2003 (gaining assent in 2004).[3]

Both Maithili and Bhojpuri have constitutional recognition in Nepal.[4]

In Bihar, Hindi is the language used for educational and official matters.[5] These languages were legally absorbed under the overarching label Hindi in the 1961 Census. Such state and national politics are creating conditions for language endangerments.[6] After independence Hindi was given the sole official status through the Bihar Official Language Act, 1950.[7] Hindi was displaced as the sole official language of Bihar in 1981, when Urdu was accorded the status of the second official language.{{cn|date=January 2018}}

Speakers

The number of speakers of Bihari languages is difficult to indicate because of unreliable sources. In the urban region most educated speakers of the language name Hindi as their language because this is what they use in formal contexts and believe it to be the appropriate response because of unawareness. The educated and the urban population of the region return Hindi as the generic name for their language.[8]

Some major languages and dialects included in Bihari group

Language[9] ISO 639-3 ScriptsNo. of Speakers[8] Geographical Distribution
Angika anp Previously Anga Lipi; Devanagari 743,600[10] Eastern Bihar, North-eastern Jharkhand, West Bengal and Eastern Madhesh
Bajjika — Previously Tirhuta; Devanagari date=January 2015}} North-Central Bihar and Eastern Madhesh
Bhojpuri bho Previously Kaithi; Devanagari 39,519,400[11] Western Bihar, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Northwestern Jharkhand, Northern Chhattisgarh, Northeastern Madhya Pradesh and Central Madhesh
Khortha N.A. Bengali script, Devanagari 8.04 million [12] North-eastern Jharkhand
Kudmali kyw Devanagari, Chis (also suggested as its possible script) 556,809 [13] South-Eastern Jharkhand, West Bengal
Magahi mag Previously Kaithi; Devanagari 14,035,600[11] South Bihar
Maithili mai Tirhuta, Kaithi and Devanagari 33,890,000[11] Northern and eastern Bihar, Jharkhand[14] and Eastern Madhesh
Panchpargania tdb Devanagari, sometimes Bengali & Kaithidate=October 2018}} West Bengal, Jharkhand and Assam
Nagpuri sck Devanagari 5.1 million [15] West-central Jharkhand North-eastern Chhattisgarh Northern Odisha
Surjapuri sjp Devanagari 2,256,228 [16] North-eastern Bihar

Some linguists dispute the inclusion of Maithili within the Bihari languages grouping, stating that it shares more similarities with neighbouring Bengali as compared to other Bihari languages.[17]

References and footnotes

1. ^ Yadava, Y. P. (2013). Linguistic context and language endangerment in Nepal. Nepalese Linguistics 28: 262–274.
2. ^"Language, Religion and Politics in North India". p. 67. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
3. ^{{cite web |title = The Constitution (Ninety-Second Amendment) Act, 2003 |url = http://india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-ninety-second-amendment-act-2003 |date = 7 January 2004 |website = National Portal of India |accessdate = 11 April 2015 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150412014818/http://india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-ninety-second-amendment-act-2003 |archivedate = 12 April 2015 |df = }}
4. ^https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/nepal/article24876497.ece
5. ^{{cite web |last = Damani |first = Guarang |title = History of Indian Languages |url = http://www.diehardindian.com/history-of-indian-languages |date = 2015 |website = Die-hard Indian |accessdate = 11 April 2015 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150413223200/http://www.diehardindian.com/history-of-indian-languages |archivedate = 13 April 2015 |df = }}
6. ^{{cite conference | last = Verma | first = Mahandra K. | coauthors = | title = Language Endangerment and Indian languages : An exploration and a critique | booktitle = Linguistic Structure and Language Dynamics in South Asia | place = | date = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tcfJY7kANo8C&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq=awadhi+and+magahi+languages&source=web&ots=CXhEbrAUH5&sig=e3GeSyfuGmTbRXtRK-vT100cFAQ&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result#PPA3,M1 | accessdate = }}
7. ^{{cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |title=The Politics of India Since Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtKe6XV8z7wC&pg=PA183 |edition=Second |date=8 September 1994 |page=183 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521459709 |accessdate=11 April 2015}}
8. ^1 {{cite book |editor1-last=Cardona |editor1-first=George |editor1-link=George Cardona |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-first=Dhanesh |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |date=11 September 2003 |page=500 |location= |publisher=Routledge |series=Routledge Language Family Series |isbn=978-0415772945 |quote=...the number of speakers of Bihari languages are difficult to indicate because of unreliable sources. In the urban region most educated speakers of the language name Hindi as their language because this is what they use in formal contexts and believe it to be the appropriate response because of lack of awareness. The uneducated and the urban population of the region return Hindi as the generic name for their language.}}
9. ^Bihari Languages {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104043633/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=287-16 |date=2012-01-04 }}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/anp |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-03-17 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324184439/http://www.ethnologue.com/language/anp |archivedate=2016-03-24 |df= }}
11. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=India|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/19/country/IN/languages/|website=Ethnologue|date=2016|archive-url=https://archive.is/20171002104725/http://www.ethnologue.com/19/country/IN/languages/|archive-date=2 October 2017|deadurl=yes|df=}}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}
14. ^https://m.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/story-maithili-will-get-second-state-language-status-in-jharkhand-1835624.html
15. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}
16. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}
17. ^"Language, Religion and Politics in North India". p. 67. Retrieved 1 April 2017.

External links

{{interwiki|code=bh|Bhojpuri}}{{interwiki|code=hif}}{{interwiki|code=mai}}
  • [https://books.google.com/books?id=NNMvAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false A Comparative dictionary of the Bihārī language, Volume 1 By August Friedrich Rudolf Hoernle, Sir George Abraham Grierson (1885)]
  • Translation of useful phrases in Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithili
  • Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: bih, on www.sil.org
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20080703182855/http://www.nalandaopenuniversity.com/courses.html Nalanda Open University offers courses on Bihari languages (Magahi, Bhojpuri, Maithili)]
  • Angika Language Wikipedia (incubator)
{{Bihari languages}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bihari Languages}}

4 : Bihari languages|Languages of India|Hindi languages|Culture of Bihar
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/16 4:58:39