“Book of Wisdom”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Wisdom of Solomon or Book of Wisdom is a Jewish work, written in Greek, composed in Alexandria (Egypt). Generally dated to the late first century BC,^[1] the central theme of the work is "Wisdom" itself, appearing under two principal aspects. In its relation to man, Wisdom is the perfection of knowledge of the righteous as a gift from God showing itself in action. In direct relation to God, Wisdom is with God from all eternity.{{sfn|Tanzer|1998|p=294}} It is one of the seven Sapiential or wisdom books included within the Septuagint, along with Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs (Song of Solomon), Job, and Sirach, and is included in the canon of Deuterocanonical books by the Roman Catholic Church and the anagignoskomena (Gr. ἀναγιγνωσκόμενα, meaning "those which are to be read") of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Most Protestants consider it part of the Apocrypha.

Structure, genre and content

The book is addressed to the rulers of the earth, urging them to love righteousness and seek wisdom; the wicked think that all is chance and that they should enjoy each day, but they are deluded.{{sfn|Grabbe|2004|p=13}} In the second section Solomon (not explicitly named, but strongly implied) tells of his search for wisdom.

The Wisdom of Solomon can be linked to several forms of ancient literature, both Jewish and non-Jewish, but it clearly belongs with biblical Wisdom books such as the Book of Job, one of only five such books among ancient Jewish literature.{{sfn|Grabbe|2004|p=25}} In terms of classical genre it has been identified as an encomium and with the Greek genre of the "exhortatory discourse", by which a teacher attempts to persuade others to a certain course of action.{{sfn|Grabbe|2004|p=25-26}}

Canonicity

The Book of Wisdom was listed as canonical by the Council of Rome (382 AD),^[9] the Synod of Hippo (393),^[10] the Council of Carthage (397) and the Council of Carthage (419),^[11]^[12] the Council of Florence (in 1442)^[13] and the Council of Trent (in 1546).^[14]

Composition

The Wisdom of Solomon was written in Greek, in Alexandria (Egypt), in the late 1st century BC to early 1st century AD; the author's prime literary source was the Septuagint, in particular the Wisdom literature and the Book of Isaiah, and he was familiar with late Jewish works as the Book of Enoch and with Greek philosophical literature.{{sfn|Hayman|2003|p=763}} It is uncertain whether the book has a single author or comes from a school of writers, but recent scholarship has favoured regarding it as a unified work.{{sfn|Grabbe|2004|p=24}} In either case its blend of Greek and Jewish features suggests a learned Hellenistic background, and despite the address to the "rulers of the world" the actual audience was probably members of the author's own community who were tempted to give up their Jewishness in the face of the temptations of Greek culture and the hostile conditions facing Jews in the Greek world.{{sfn|Tanzer|1998|p=294}}

Themes

The book opens with the opposed pairs righteousness/unrighteousness and death/immortality: those who do not follow righteousness will fall into "senseless reasoning" and will not be open to wisdom; wisdom is not an inherent human quality nor one that can be taught, but comes from outside, and only to those who are prepared through righteousness.{{sfn|Hayman|2003|p=764}} The suffering of the righteous will be rewarded with immortality, while the wicked will end miserably.{{sfn|Horbury|2007|pp=655-656}} The unrighteous are doomed because they do not know God's purpose, but the righteous will judge the unrighteous in God's presence.{{sfn|Tanzer|1998|p=293}} Lady Wisdom dominates the next section, in which Solomon speaks.{{sfn|Tanzer|1998|p=293}} She existed from the Creation, and God is her source and guide.{{sfn|Tanzer|1998|p=293}} She is to be loved and desired, and kings seek her: Solomon himself preferred Wisdom to wealth, health, and all other things.{{sfn|Horbury|2007|p=658}} She in turn has always come to the aid of the righteous, from Adam to the Exodus.{{sfn|Tanzer|1998|p=294}} The final section takes up the theme of the rescue of the righteous, taking the Exodus as its focus: "You (God) have not neglected to help (your people the Jews) at all times and in all places." (Wisdom of Solomon, 19:22).{{sfn|Tanzer|1998|p=294}}

References

Citations

1. ^{{cite book|author=Jennifer Mary Dines|title=The Septuagint|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_g_UAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|date=8 June 2004|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-567-08464-4|pages=19|quote=usually assigned to the late first century BCE}}
2. ^{{cite book|url=http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250104.htm |author=Eusebius|title=Church History (Book IV) |publisher=Newadvent.org |date= |accessdate=2010-07-10}}
3. ^{{cite book|author = Augustine of Hippo|title=On Christian Doctrine Book II Chapter 8:2|publisher=newadvent|url=http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/12022.htm|accessdate=12 October 2016}}
4. ^{{cite book |title=Letter from Innocent I to Exsuperius, bishop of Toulouse. |url=http://www.bible-researcher.com/innocent.html}}
5. ^{{cite book|last1=Westcott|first1=Brooke Foss|title=A general survey of the history of the canon of the New Testament Page 570|date=2005|publisher=Wipf & Stock|location=Eugene, OR|isbn=1597522392|edition=6th}}
6. ^Athanasius of Alexandria, Excerpt from Letter 39
7. ^{{cite book|url=http://www.masseiana.org/panarion_bk1.htm|title=The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis 8:6:1-4|last1=Williams|first1=translated by Frank|date=1987|publisher=E.J. Brill|year=|isbn=9004079262|edition=2. impression.|location=Leiden|pages=|accessdate=11 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906041916/http://www.masseiana.org/panarion_bk1.htm|archivedate=6 September 2015|deadurl=yes|df=}}
8. ^{{cite book|last1=of Aquileia|first1=Rufinus|title=Commentary on the Apostles' Creed #38|publisher=newadvent|url=http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2711.htm|accessdate=12 October 2016}}
9. ^Decretum Galasianum
10. ^{{citation |chapter-url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xv.iv.iv.xxv.html |chapter=Canon XXIV. (Greek xxvii.) |publisher=Christian Classics Ethereal Library |title=The Canons of the 217 Blessed Fathers who assembled at Carthage}}
11. ^B. F. Westcott, A General Survey of the History of the Canon of the New Testament (5th ed. Edinburgh, 1881), pp. 440, 541-2.
12. ^Council of Carthage (in 419) Canon 24
13. ^[https://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/FLORENCE.HTM Session 11—4 February 1442]
14. ^Session IV Celebrated on the eighth day of April, 1546 under Pope Paul III

Structure, genre and content

Canonicity

Composition

Themes

References

Citations

Bibliography