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词条 Defects per million opportunities
释义

  1. Other

  2. References

  3. Further reading

In process improvement efforts, defects per million opportunities or DPMO (or nonconformities per million opportunities (NPMO)) is a measure of process performance. It is defined as

A defect can be defined as a nonconformance of a quality characteristic (e.g. strength, width, response time) to its specification. DPMO is stated in opportunities per million units for convenience: Processes that are considered highly capable (e.g., processes of Six Sigma quality) are those that experience only a handful {{citation needed|reason=Please define handful in mathematical terms, or reword this phrase|date=July 2015}} of defects per million units produced (or services provided).

Note that DPMO differs from reporting defective parts per million (PPM) in that it comprehends the possibility that a unit under inspection may be found to have multiple defects of the same type or may have multiple types of defects. Identifying specific opportunities for defects (and therefore how to count and categorize defects) is an art{{citation needed|reason=Please elucidate with tangible evidence|date=July 2015}}, but generally organizations consider the following when defining the number of opportunities per unit:

  • Knowledge of the process under study
  • Industry standards
  • When studying multiple types of defects, knowledge of the relative importance of each defect type in determining customer satisfaction
  • The time, effort, and cost to count and categorize defects in process output

Other

Other measures of process performance include:

  • Process capability indices such as Cpk[1]
  • Natural tolerance limit or sigma level
  • PPM defective or defective parts per million
  • Process performance indices such as Ppk
  • Quality costs or cost of poor quality (COPQ)

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pmc/section1/pmc16.htm|title=What is Process Capability?|accessdate=2008-06-22|work=NIST/Sematech Engineering Statistics Handbook|publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology}}

Further reading

{{Refbegin|30em}}
  • {{cite book | last=Adams | first=Cary W. | last2=Gupta | first2=Praveen | first3=Charles E. | last3=Wilson | title=Six Sigma Deployment | publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann | year=2003 | location=Burlington, MA | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lY_bhMBzLwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Adams+Gupta | isbn=0-7506-7523-3 | oclc=50693105 }}
  • {{cite book | last=Breyfogle | first=Forrest W. III | title=Implementing Six Sigma: Smarter Solutions Using Statistical Methods | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | year=1999 | location=New York, NY | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=leQvoUXM9L0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Breyfogle+Implementing|isbn=0-471-26572-1 | oclc=50606471 }}
  • {{cite book | last=De Feo | first=Joseph A. | last2=Barnard | first2=William | title=JURAN Institute's Six Sigma Breakthrough and Beyond – Quality Performance Breakthrough Methods | publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional | year=2005 | location=New York, NY | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VHaTb6LJ4QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22six+sigma%22 | isbn=0-07-142227-7 | oclc=52937531 }}
  • Hahn, G. J., Hill, W. J., Hoerl, R. W. and Zinkgraf, S. A. (1999) The Impact of Six Sigma Improvement-A Glimpse into the Future of Statistics, The American Statistician, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 208–215.
  • {{cite book | last=Keller | first=Paul A. | title=Six Sigma Deployment: A Guide for Implementing Six Sigma in Your Organization | publisher=Quality Publishing | year=2001 | location=Tucson, AZ | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izjUAAAACAAJ&dq=Keller+Six+Sigma | isbn=0-930011-84-8 | oclc=47942384 }}
  • {{cite book | last=Pande | first=Peter S. | last2=Neuman | first2=Robert P. | first3=Roland R. | last3=Cavanagh | title=The Six Sigma Way: How GE, Motorola, and Other Top Companies are Honing Their Performance | publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional | year=2001 | location=New York, NY | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybOuvzvcqTAC&pg=PP1&dq=Pande+Six+Sigma+Way | isbn=0-07-135806-4 | oclc=647006794 }}
  • {{cite book |author1=Pyzdek, Thomas |author2=Paul A. Keller |lastauthoramp=yes | title=The Six Sigma Handbook, Third Edition | publisher=McGraw-Hill | year=2009 | location=New York, NY | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5CCcw4j2gkgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Pyzdek+Six+Sigma&q= | isbn=0-07-162338-8 | oclc=51194565 }}
  • {{cite book | last=Snee | first=Ronald D. | last2=Hoerl | first2=Roger W. | title=Leading Six Sigma: A Step-by-Step Guide Based on Experience with GE and Other Six Sigma Companies | publisher=FT Press | year=2002 | location=Upper Saddle River, NJ | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_BRYIS31iwUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Snee+Hoerl | isbn=0-13-008457-3 | oclc=51048423 }}
  • {{cite book | last=Taylor | first=Gerald | title=Lean Six Sigma Service Excellence: A Guide to Green Belt Certification and Bottom Line Improvement | publisher=J. Ross Publishing | year=2008 | location=New York, NY | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1VdYNwAACAAJ&dq | isbn=978-1-60427-006-8 | oclc=271773742 }}
  • {{cite book | last=Tennant | first=Geoff | title=SIX SIGMA: SPC and TQM in Manufacturing and Services | publisher=Gower Publishing, Ltd | year=2001 | location=Aldershot, UK | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6276jidG3IC&printsec=frontcover#PPP1,M1 | isbn=0-566-08374-4 | oclc=44391556 }}
{{Refend}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Defects Per Million Opportunities}}

2 : Statistical process control|Six Sigma
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