| 词条 | Demetrius II Nicator |
| 释义 |
For the similarly named Macedonian ruler, see Demetrius II of Macedon. For the Macedonian prince, see Demetrius the Fair.{{Infobox royalty | name = Demetrius II Nicator | title = | titletext = | more = | image = Coin of Demetrius II Nicator (cropped), Ptolemais in Phoenicia mint.jpg | alt = | caption = | succession = King of the Seleucid Empire | moretext = (King of Syria) | reign = September 145 – July/August 138 BC | reign-type = | coronation = | cor-type = | predecessor = Alexander Balas | pre-type = Predecessor | regent = | reg-type = | successor = Diodotus Tryphon | suc-type = Successor | birth_name = | birth_date = circa 160 BC | birth_place = | death_date = 125 BC | death_place = | burial_date = | burial_place = | consort = | spouse = {{plain list|
| issue = {{plain list|
}} | issue-link = | issue-pipe = | full name = | era name = | era dates = | regnal name = | posthumous name = | temple name = | house = Seleucid | house-type = Dynasty | father = Demetrius I Soter | mother = Laodice V? | occupation = | signature_type = | type = | image_size = 150px | succession2 = King of the Seleucid Empire | moretext2 = (King of Syria) | reign2 = 129 – 126 BC | reign-type2 = | coronation2 = | cor-type2 = | predecessor2 = Antiochus VII Sidetes | successor2 = Alexander II Zabinas or Cleopatra Thea | regent2 = | reg-type2 = | issue-type = | signature = }} Demetrius II ({{lang-grc|Δημήτριος Β`}}, Dēmḗtrios B; died 125 BC), called Nicator ({{lang-grc|Νικάτωρ}}, Nikátōr, "the Victor"), was one of the sons of Demetrius I Soter possibly by Laodice V, as was his brother Antiochus VII Sidetes. He ruled the Seleucid Empire for two periods, separated by a number of years of captivity in Hyrcania in Parthia:[2] first from September 145 BC to July/August 138 BC and again from 129 BC until his death in 125 BC.[3] His brother Antiochus VII ruled the Seleucid Empire in the interim between his two reigns. BiographyIn exileAs a young boy, he fled to Crete after the death of his father, his mother and his older brother, when Alexander Balas usurped the Seleucid throne. First reignAbout 147 BC he returned to Syria, and with the backing of Ptolemy VI Philometor, king of Egypt, regained his father's throne.[4] The Egyptian king also divorced his daughter Cleopatra Thea from Balas and remarried her to Demetrius.[5] However, Demetrius was not a popular king. The people of Syria had little respect for the young boy, who had come to power with the help of Egypt and Cretan mercenaries led by the ruthless Lasthenes. The Antiochenians offered the Seleucid throne to Ptolemy VI, who had already conquered most of southern Syria for his own interest. However, he insisted Demetrius would become king, knowing that Rome would never tolerate a unified Hellenistic state. In 145 BC when Alexander Balas made a last desperate attempt to regain his throne Ptolemy VI won a resounding victory over him but died after falling from his horse and fracturing his skull. The Egyptian troops marched home, leaderless and disillusioned, while Alexander fled to the Nabateans who, anxious to stay on good terms with Egypt, cut off his head. With both Ptolemy VI and Alexander Balas dead Demetrius became sole master of the Seleucid kingdom.[6] However, new troubles soon arose. The pillaging of the Cretan soldiers caused the Antiochenians to rise in rebellion, and only after terrible massacres was order restored. Soon after, the general Diodotus conquered Antioch and had his protégé Antiochus VI Dionysus, the infant son of Alexander Balas, proclaimed king. Demetrius proved unable to retake the capital, instead establishing himself in Seleucia. Diodotus had Antiochus VI deposed a few years later, and made himself king as Tryphon, but the division of the kingdom between the legitimate Seleucid heir and the usurper in Antioch persisted. Defeat and captivityIn 139 BC, Parthian activity forced Demetrius to take action. He marched against Mithradates I, king of Parthia and was initially successful, but was defeated in the Iranian mountains and taken prisoner the following year. The Babylonian province of the Seleucid empire became Parthian, but in Syria, the dynasty's grip was reassured under Antiochus VII Sidetes, the younger brother of Demetrius, who also married Cleopatra Thea. King Mithradates had kept Demetrius II alive and even married him to a Parthian princess named Rhodogune, with whom he had children. However, Demetrius was restless and twice tried to escape from his exile in Hyrcania on the shores of the Caspian Sea, once with the help of his friend Kallimander, who had gone to great lengths to rescue the king: he had traveled incognito through Babylonia and Parthia. When the two friends were captured, the Parthian king did not punish Kallimander but rewarded him for his fidelity to Demetrius. The second time Demetrius was captured when he tried to escape, Mithradates humiliated him by giving him a golden set of dice, thus hinting that Demetrius II was a restless child who needed toys. It was however for political reasons that the Parthians treated Demetrius II kindly. In 130 BC Antiochus Sidetes felt secure enough to march against Parthia, and scored massive initial successes. Now Phraates II made what he thought was a powerful move: he released Demetrius, hoping that the two brothers would start a civil war. However, Sidetes was defeated soon after his brother's release and never met him. Phraates II set people to pursue Demetrius, but he managed to safely return home to Syria and regained his throne and his queen as well. A failed second reignHowever, the Seleucid kingdom was now but a shadow of its former glory, and Demetrius had a hard time ruling even in Syria. Recollections of his cruelties and vices – along with his humiliating defeat – caused him to be greatly detested.[4] The Egyptian queen Cleopatra II set up an army for Demetrius, hoping to engage him in her civil wars against her brother king Ptolemy VIII, but this only added to his grief. The troops soon deserted, and king Ptolemy VIII reacted by setting up yet another usurper, a man named Alexander II Zabinas against Demetrius. In 126 BC, Demetrius was defeated in a battle at Damascus.[4] He fled to Ptolemais but his wife Cleopatra Thea closed the gates against him.[7] He was captured and then killed on a ship near Tyre,[4] after his wife had deserted him. Demetrius II was certainly incapable of handling the developing threats to the Seleucid empire, but his reputation for cruelty was probably undeserved. He was only around fourteen at his coronation, and the real power was in the hands of others. He was succeeded by his queen Cleopatra Thea in co-regency with two of their sons, Seleucus V Philometor and Antiochus VIII Grypus. See also{{Portal|Syria}}
Notes1. ^{{cite book|last1=Ogden|first1=Daniel|title=Polygamy Prostitutes and Death. The Hellenistic Dynasties|date=1999|publisher=Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd.|location=London|isbn=07156 29301|page=150}} 2. ^Britannica article on Demetrius 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.livius.org/articles/person/demetrius-ii-nicator/?|title=Demetrius II Nicator|work=Livius.org}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{EB1911|inline=1 |wstitle=Demetrius (Syrian kings) |display=Demetrius s.v. Demetrius II |volume=7 |page=983}} 5. ^Bevan Chap 9 6. ^Bevan Chap 9 7. ^Bevan Chap 10 External links{{Commons category|Demetrius II Nikator}}{{s-start}}{{s-hou|Seleucid dynasty||Unknown||125 BC}}{{s-bef|before=Alexander Balas}}{{s-ttl|title=Seleucid King (King of Syria)|years=146–139 BC|regent1=Antiochus VI Dionysus|years1=145–142 BC |regent2=Diodotus Tryphon|years2=142–139 BC}}{{s-aft|after=Antiochus VII Sidetes}}{{s-bef|before=Antiochus VII Sidetes}}{{s-ttl|title=Seleucid King (King of Syria)|years=129–126 BC |regent1=Alexander II Zabinas|years1=129–123 BC}}{{s-aft|after=Cleopatra Thea}}{{s-end}}{{Hellenistic rulers}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Demetrius 02}} 8 : 125 BC deaths|2nd-century BC Babylonian kings|Seleucid rulers|Ptolemaic dynasty|2nd-century BC rulers|Year of birth unknown|Kings of Syria|Prisoners and detainees of the Parthian Empire |
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