| 词条 | Double acute accent | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The double acute accent ( ˝ ) is a diacritic mark of the Latin script. It is used primarily in written Hungarian, and consequently is sometimes referred to by typographers as Hungarumlaut.[1] The signs formed with a regular umlaut are letters in their own right in the Hungarian alphabet—for instance, they are separate letters for the purpose of collation. Letters with the double acute, however, are considered variants of their equivalents with the umlaut, being thought of as having both an umlaut and an acute accent. UsesVowel lengthHistoryLength marks first appeared in Hungarian orthography in the 15th-century Hussite Bible. Initially, only á and é were marked, since they are different in quality as well as length. Later í, ó, ú were marked as well. In the 18th century, before Hungarian orthography became fixed, u and o with umlaut + acute (ǘ, ö́) were used in some printed documents.[2] 19th century typographers introduced the double acute as a more aesthetic solution. HungarianIn Hungarian, the double acute is thought of as the letter having both an umlaut and an acute accent. Standard Hungarian has 14 vowels in a symmetrical system: seven short vowels (a, e, i, o, ö, u, ü) and seven long ones, which are written with an acute accent in the case of á, é, í, ó, ú, and with the double acute in the case of ő, ű. Vowel length has phonemic significance in Hungarian, that is, it distinguishes different words and grammatical forms.
SlovakAt the beginning of the 20th century, the letter A̋ a̋ (A with double acute) was sometimes used in Slovak as a long variant of the short vowel Ä ä (A with diaeresis), representing the vowel {{IPA|/æː/}} in dialect or in some loanwords.[3] Other long vowels are written with a single acute accent. The letter is still used for this purpose in Slovak phonetic transcription systems. UmlautHandwritingIn handwriting in German and Swedish, the umlaut is sometimes written similarly to a double acute. ChuvashThe Chuvash language written in the Cyrillic script uses a double-acute Ӳ, ӳ {{IPA|/y/}} as a front counterpart of Cyrillic letter У, у {{IPA|/u/}} (see Chuvash vowel harmony), likely after the analogy of handwriting in Latin script languages.[4] In other minority languages of Russia (Khakas, Mari, Altai, and Khanty), the umlauted form Ӱ is used instead. FaroeseClassical Danish handwriting uses "ó" for "ø", which becomes a problem when writing Faroese in the same tradition, as "ó" is a part of the Faroese alphabet. Thus ő is sometimes used for ø in Faroese. ToneInternational Phonetic AlphabetThe IPA and many other phonetic alphabets use two systems to indicate tone: a diacritic system and an adscript system. In the diacritic system, the double acute represents an extra high tone.
One may encounter this use as a tone sign in some IPA-derived orthographies of minority languages, such as in the North American Native Tanacross (Athapascan). In line with the IPA usage it denotes the extra-high tone. Technical notes{{Hungarian language}}O and U with double acute accents are supported in the Code page 852, ISO 8859-2 and Unicode character sets. Code page 852Some of the box drawing characters of the original DOS code page 437 were sacrificed in order to put in more accented letters (all printable characters from ISO 8859-2 are included).
ISO 8859-2In ISO 8859-2 Ő, ő, Ű, ű take the place of some similar looking (but distinct, especially at bigger font sizes) letters of ISO 8859-1.
UnicodeAll occurrences of "double acute" in character names in the Unicode 9.0 standard:
LaTeX InputIn LaTeX, the double acute accent is typeset with the \\H{} (mnemonic for "Hungarian") command. For example, the name Paul Erdős (in his native Hungarian: Erdős Pál) would be typeset as Erd\\H{o}s P\\'al. X11 InputIn modern X11 systems, the double acute can be typed by pressing the {{key press|Compose key}} followed by {{key press|{{=}}}} (the equal sign) and desired letter ({{key press|o}} or {{key press|u}}). See also
Footnotes1. ^{{cite web|author1=Ray Larabie|title=The Low Profile Acutes vs. Hungarumlaut|url=http://typophile.com/node/73344|website=typophile.com|accessdate=2014-09-17|date=18 Aug 2010}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=Short, illustrated outline about the Hungarian double acutes|url=http://www.font.hu/hrant.html|website=www.font.hu|accessdate=2014-09-17}} 3. ^Czambel, S. 1902. Rukoväť spisovnej reči slovenskej. Turčiansky Sv. Martin: Vydanie Knihkupecko-nakladateľshého spolku, p. 2. 4. ^A possible explanation of the diacritic being influenced by the German handwritten form is the early version of the Chuvash alphabet devised much more than 50 years before the other ones mentioned. External links{{wiktionary|ő|ű}}
3 : Latin-script diacritics|Cyrillic-script diacritics|Hungarian language |
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