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词条 Stop Child Executions Campaign
释义

  1. Background information

  2. See also

  3. References

  4. External links

Stop Child Executions is a non-profit organization co-founded by Nazanin Afshin-Jam that aims to put an end to executions of minors in Iran. The organization campaigns to raise awareness about the issue and to put pressure on the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, both in Iran and internationally. SCE is a follow-up effort to the successful campaign and petition that helped save the life of Nazanin Fatehi, an Iranian teenager sentenced to death for killing her attempted rapist. The "Save Nazanin" petition garnered more than 350,000 signatures worldwide.[1] Fatehi was released from prison in 2007.[2]

SCE is a member of the Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy.[3]

Background information

As a state party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

(ICCPR)[4] and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC),[5] the government of Iran agreed not to execute anyone for an offense committed when they were under the age of 18. Article 6 paragraph 5 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) declares: “Sentence of death shall not be imposed for crimes committed by persons below eighteen years of age”[6] and article 37 paragraph 1 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) provides that: “Neither capital punishment nor life imprisonment without possibility of release shall be imposed for offenses committed by persons below eighteen years of age”.[7] Upon ratification of the CRC, however, Iran made the following reservation: "If the text of the Convention is or becomes incompatible with the domestic laws and Islamic standards at any time or in any case, the Government of the Islamic Republic shall not abide by it."[5]

In January 2005, the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, which monitors states' compliance with the CRC, urged Iran to immediately stay all executions of child offenders and to abolish the use of the death penalty in such cases.[8] In the summer of 2006, the Iranian Parliament reportedly passed a bill establishing special courts for children and adolescents. However, it had not been approved by the Council of Guardians, which supervises Iran's legislation to ensure conformity with Islamic principles.[9] As Iran continued to execute juvenile offenders, international human rights organisations[10][11] and foreign governments[12] routinely denounced the executions as a violation of the treaty.

Stop Child Executions was founded in 2007. In October 2008 SCE issued a comprehensive list of solutions to end juvenile executions in Iran.[13] In June 2009, SCE issued a report on child executions in Iran.[14] Since 1990 at least 34 executions of juvenile offenders in Iran had been recorded (26 since 2005).[15] As of October 2008 SCE had recorded at least 140 juvenile offenders on death row in Iran,[16][17] 3 in Saudi Arabia, 3 in Sudan and 1 in Yemen. As of October 2008 6 juveniles were reported to have been executed in Iran to date in 2008.[18][15][19][20][21]

On February 10, 2012, Iran's parliament changed the controversial law of executing juveniles. Under the new law, 18 (solar years) is the age of majority for both genders, and juvenile offenders are purportedly sentenced under a different law than adults.[22][23] Under the previous, Islamic law, girls reached majority at the age of 9 and boys at the age of 15 (in lunar years, which are 11 days shorter than solar years), after which they were held fully responsible for their crimes.[22]

Despite the new legislation, execution of juveniles continues to be an issue in Iran. Amnesty International reported that at least 13 juveniles had been executed in Iran in 2014.[27] In February 2015, two sources reported that Saman Naseem, who had been a juvenile at the time of his arrest[24] had been sentenced to death and hanged.[25][26] Iranian authorities did not officially comment on the report[27][28] but in July 2015 Saman Naseem was reportedly still alive.[29]

See also

  • Delara Darabi
  • Atefeh Sahaaleh

References

1. ^{{cite web|title='Someday' Is Now for Singer Nazanin|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9798463|website=NPR|date=24 April 2007}}
2. ^{{cite web|last1=Anderssen|first1=Erin|title=There's more to Nazanin Afshin-Jam than her beauty queen past|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/theres-more-to-nazanin-afshin-jam-than-her-beauty-queen-past/article4186774/?page=all|website=The Globe and Mail|date=19 May 2012}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Partners|url=http://www.genevasummit.org/partners|website=Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy|accessdate=1 March 2015}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en|website=United Nations Treaty Collection|accessdate=28 February 2015}}
5. ^1 {{cite web|title=Children’s Rights: Iran|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/child-rights/iran.php|website=Library of Congress|accessdate=28 February 2015}}
6. ^{{cite web|title=Treaty Series, Volume 999|url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20999/v999.pdf|website=United Nations Treaty Collection|page=175}}
7. ^United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child#Article 37
8. ^{{cite web|title=Concluding observations: The Islamic Republic of Iran|url=http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhsgnXZ0ChBsrwmcy8%2f%2bFNoDFtMVWAWCOhvq1t%2foKw4WdAQBISytyuJam4qA0WsZ8ltw7x9qIV4VeDxwYTI%2fOfcdFEOAPGnWLj6c%2bFJb7SATW5|website=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights|accessdate=28 February 2015|date=31 March 2005}}
9. ^{{cite web|title=Iran Leads the World in Executing Children|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2007/06/19/iran-leads-world-executing-children|website=Human Rights Watch|date=20 June 2007}}
10. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/Rapport_Iran_final.pdf |publisher=International Federation of Human Rights |title= Report on the death penalty in Iran |date=April 2009}}
11. ^{{cite press release |url= https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/05/01/iran-secret-execution-juvenile-offender |publisher=Human Rights Watch |title=Reaction to the execution of Delera Darabi |date=May 2009}}
12. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20090619154621/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/pays-zones-geo_833/iran_420/droits-homme-iran_14359/peine-mort_18316/execution-par-pendaison-une-jeune-iranienne-23-ans-01.05.09_72615.html French reaction to the execution of Delera Darabi, May 2009] {{Link language|fr}}; [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716060626/http://www.eu2009.cz/cz/news-and-documents/cfsp-statements/*kopie-1:-eu-presidency-statement-on-the-execution-of-delara-darabi-by-stoning--19876/ European Union's reaction to the execution of Delera Darabi, May 2009].
13. ^{{cite web|website=Stop Child Executions|title=SCE Solutions|url=http://www.stopchildexecutions.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57&Itemid=82}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/1063.pdf|website=Stop Child Executions|title=From Cradle to Coffin: A Report on Child Executions in Iran|date=2009|publisher=Foreign Policy Centre|isbn=978-1-905833-16-0}}
15. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.stopchildexecutions.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=92&Itemid=65|website=Stop Child Executions|title=Executed Minors}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stopchildexecutions.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=91&Itemid=61|title=The Row|website=Stop Child Executions}}
17. ^{{cite web|title=Iran's Death Row Children|url=http://www.canada.com/topics/news/world/story.html?id=e14334d8-dd76-41ab-a3a8-0c6314acacb8|website=Canada.com|date=29 October 2008}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://scenews.blog.com/1963613/|website=Stop Child Executions|title=Child in Yemen facing execution|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829150216/http://scenews.blog.com/1963613/|archivedate=29 August 2007}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://scenews.blog.com/1981191/|website=Stop Child Executions|title=Nazanin Afshin-Jam sends urgent letter to Yemen's President & officials|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070730155402/http://scenews.blog.com/1981191/|archivedate=30 July 2007}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.emadbaghi.com/archives/Issue_of_Executions.doc|title=Issue of Executions|website=Emad Baghi}} {{Link language|per}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.changethis.com/pdfdl/1.04.StopExecutions.pdf|title=Stop Child Executions: Ending the Death Penalty for Child Offenders|website=Amnesty International|date=13 August 2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102163716/http://changethis.com/pdfdl/1.04.StopExecutions.pdf|archivedate=2 January 2010}}
22. ^1 {{cite web|title=Iran changes law for execution of juveniles|url=http://iranwpd.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=3066:iran-changes-law-for-execution-of-juveniles&Itemid=64|website=Iran Independent News Service|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211072623/http://iranwpd.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=3066:iran-changes-law-for-execution-of-juveniles&Itemid=64|archivedate=11 February 2012|date=10 February 2012}}
23. ^{{cite web|title=Death penalty for people under 18 is prohibited|url=http://www.ghanoononline.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Serv=19&Id=16270|website=Ghanoon Online|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213111337/http://www.ghanoononline.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Serv=19&Id=16270|archivedate=13 February 2012|date=13 February 2012}} {{Link language|per}}
24. ^1 {{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-31515143|title= Iran urged to halt execution of Kurd arrested as a minor|author= |date= 18 February 2015|website= BBC News Middle East|publisher= British Broadcasting Corporation|access-date= 23 July 2015}}
25. ^{{cite web|title=Juvenile Offender Saman Naseem Was Executed|url=http://iranhr.net/2015/02/unofficial-report-saman-naseem-was-executed-yesterday/|website=Iran Human Rights|date=20 February 2015}}
26. ^{{cite web|last1=Iaccino|first1=Ludovico|title=Saman Naseem execution: Iran breaches international law by hanging Kurdish juvenile offender|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/saman-naseem-execution-iran-hangs-kurdish-juvenile-offender-breaching-international-law-1488844|website=International Business Times|date=20 February 2015}}
27. ^{{cite web|title=Still no official confirmation about the fate of Saman Naseem|url=http://iranhr.net/2015/02/still-no-official-information-about-the-fate-of-saman-naseem/|website=Iran Human Rights|date=23 February 2015}}
28. ^{{cite news|title=The Fate of Saman Naseem and Other Prisoners of Uremia Is still Unclear|url=https://hra-news.org/fa/prisoners/a-112|agency=Human Rights Activists News Agency|date=23 February 2015}} {{Link language|per}}
29. ^{{cite web |url= https://hra-news.org/en/saman-naseem-alive-contacted-family|title= Saman Naseem Is Alive and Has Contacted His Family|author= |date= 13 July 2015|website= HRANA|access-date= 23 July 2015}}

External links

  • SCE News and Update Blog
  • SCE list of juveniles on execution row
  • Solutions, a powerpoint presentation by SCE
  • "A Prisoner of Colors" Documentary made by SCE about Delara Darabi facing execution in Iran
  • Video Collage about the Campaign
  • Execution of a teenage girl MUSIC VIDEO
  • Letter of Leader of Australian Democrats to Iranian Government
  • Letter of support of Australian Government
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20070106212046/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGMDE130842006 Amnesty International Report August 2006]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20081011091412/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGMDE130052006 Amnesty International: Iran: Amnesty International call for end to death penalty for child offenders]
  • Amnesty International report
  • [https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2006/09/22/iran14247.htm Human Rights Watch Organization report]
  • Execution of a teenage girl BBC News
  • Execution of a teenage girl BBC Documentary Video
  • [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124355320443064445 Article from Wall Street Journal on Child Executions in Iran]

5 : Children's rights organizations|Crime and children|Human rights in Iran|Capital punishment for juveniles|Child-related organisations in Iran
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