| 词条 | Algeciras Conference |
| 释义 |
|name = Algeciras Conference |long_name = To ratify European intervention in Morocco following the First Moroccan Crisis |image = AlgecirasConference1906.jpg |image_width = |caption = El-Hadj el-Mokri, Moroccan Ambassador to Spain, signs the treaty at the Algeciras Conference 7 April, 1906. |type = |date_drafted = |date_signed = 7 April 1906 |location_signed = Algeciras, Spain |date_sealed = 18 June 1906 |date_effective = |condition_effective = |date_expiration = |signatories ={{flagcountry|German Empire}} {{flagcountry|Austria-Hungary}} {{flag|Great Britain}} {{flagicon|France}} France {{flag|Russian Empire}} {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} Spain {{flag|United States|1912}} {{flag|Kingdom of Italy}} {{flagcountry|Morocco|1666}} {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} {{flagcountry|Sweden}} {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Portugal}} {{flagcountry|Belgium}} {{flagcountry|Ottoman Empire}} |parties = |depositor = |languages = French, English and Spanish |website = |wikisource = }} The Algeciras Conference of 1906 took place in Algeciras, Spain, and lasted from 16 January to 7 April. The purpose of the conference was to find a solution to the First Moroccan Crisis of 1905 between France and Germany, which arose as Germany responded to France's effort to establish a protectorate over the independent state of Morocco.[1] Germany was not trying to stop French expansion – its goal was to enhance its own international prestige, and it failed badly. The result was a much closer relationship between France and Britain, thus strengthening the Entente Cordiale, with both London and Paris increasingly suspicious and distrustful of Berlin.[2] An even more momentous consequence was the heightened sense of frustration and readiness for war in Germany. It spread beyond the political elite to much of the press and most of the political parties except for the Liberals and Social Democrats on the left. The Pan-German element grew in strength and denounced their government's retreat as treason, stepping up chauvinistic support for war. [3] BackgroundBritain and France's Entente Cordiale of 1904 had defined diplomatic cooperation between them and recognized British authority over Egypt and French control in Morocco (with some Spanish concessions). Germany saw this development putting an end to the rivalry between Britain and France, which would further isolate Germany in European affairs. On 31 March 1905, Germany's Kaiser Wilhelm II visited Morocco's capital, Tangier, and delivered a sabre-rattling speech calling for an international conference to ensure Morocco's independence, with war the alternative. Historian Heather Jones argues that Germany's use of warlike rhetoric was a deliberate diplomatic ploy: Another German strategy was to stage dramatic gestures, and dangerously play up the threat of war, in the belief that this would impress upon other European powers the importance of consultation with Germany on imperial issues: the fact that France had not considered it necessary to make a bilateral agreement with Germany over Morocco rankled, especially given Germany was deeply insecure about its newly acquired Great Power status. Hence Germany opted for an increase in belligerent rhetoric and, theatrically, Kaiser Wilhelm II dramatically interrupted a Mediterranean cruise to visit Tangier, where he declared Germany's support for the Sultan's independence and integrity of his kingdom, turning Morocco overnight into an international 'crisis.' [4] German diplomats believed they could convince U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt to challenge French intervention in Morocco. Roosevelt — at that time mediating the Russo-Japanese War, and aware of the U.S. Senate's stance to avoid involvement in European affairs — was disinclined to become involved in the Moroccan crisis. However, with the situation in June 1905 worsening to the point of war between Germany and France (and possibly Britain), in July Roosevelt persuaded the French to attend a January peace conference in Algeciras. Germany had hoped that the Conference would weaken the entente cordiale. Wilhelm II had thought he could form an alliance with France, if most of their demands were met.[1] He also thought that better relations with Russia were possible, due to the Revolution of 1905 and Russo-Japanese War putting them in a weak, ally-hungry position. However, due to Germany being somewhat excluded in the initial decisions,[1] and Britain's Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey showing Britain's support of France in the Conference via meetings with French ambassador Jules Cambon, the Entente Cordiale actually grew stronger. Following their failed attempt to isolate Britain, Germany furthered the growing Anglo-German Naval Race with passage of the Third Naval Law in 1906. The overall contribution towards the outbreak of the First World War can then seen to be the separation of Germany and her allies (Triple Alliance) and Britain, France and Russia, who in the following year would become the Triple Entente. The next major event to thicken the tension between these two would be the Bosnian Crisis.[5] OutcomeThe final Act of the conference of Algeciras, signed on 7 April 1906, covered the organisation of Morocco's police and customs, regulations concerning the repression of the smuggling of armaments, and concessions to the European bankers from a newly formed State Bank of Morocco, issuing banknotes backed by gold, with a 40-year term. The new state bank was to act as Morocco's Central Bank, with a strict cap on the spending of the Sherifian Empire, and administrators appointed by the national banks which guaranteed the loans: the German Empire, United Kingdom, France and Spain. Spanish coinage continued to circulate. The right of Europeans to own land was established, whilst taxes were to be levied towards public works.[6] The Sultan of Morocco retained control of a police force in the six port cities, which was to be composed entirely of Moroccan Muslims (budgeted at an average salary of a mere 1000 pesetas a year) — but now to be instructed by French and Spanish officers, who would oversee the paymaster (the Amin), regulate discipline, and could be recalled and replaced by their governments. The Inspector-General in charge would be Swiss and reside in Tangiers. At the last moment, the Moroccan delegates found that they were unable to sign the final Act, but a decree of Sultan Abdelaziz of Morocco on 18 June finally ratified it. Attendees at the conference
See also{{div col}}
References1. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=The Algeciras Conference of 1906|url=http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/algeciras_conference_1906.htm|publisher=History Learning Site|accessdate=7 March 2014|author=|date=May 2012}} 2. ^Jones, 2006) 3. ^Immanuel Geiss, German Foreign Policy 1871 – 1914 (1976) 133-36. 4. ^ Heather Jones, "Algeciras Revisited: European Crisis and Conference Diplomacy, 16 January-7 April 1906." (EUI WorkingPaper MWP 2009/1, 2009), p 5online 5. ^Margaret MacMillan, The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914(2012) pp 378--398. 6. ^{{cite web|title=Algeciras Conference|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/14979/Algeciras-Conference|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=7 March 2014|author=|date=}} Further reading
External links{{Great power diplomacy}}{{Algeciras}}{{Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco}}{{Authority control}} 9 : 1906 in Morocco|History of European colonialism|1906 in France|Diplomatic conferences in Spain|20th-century diplomatic conferences|1906 in Spain|1906 in international relations|Algeciras|1906 conferences |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。