“Christian socialism”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Christian socialism is a form of religious socialism based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. Many Christian socialists believe capitalism to be idolatrous and rooted in greed, which some Christian denominations consider a mortal sin.{{sfn|Leech|2000|pp=677–678}} Christian socialists identify the cause of inequality to be the greed that they associate with capitalism.{{sfn|Leech|2000|pp=677–678}}

Christian socialism became a major movement in the United Kingdom beginning in the 19th century. The Christian Socialist Movement, since 2013 known as Christians on the Left, is one formal group.{{sfn|Leech|2000|pp=677–678}}

Other earlier figures are also viewed as Christian socialists, such as the nineteenth century writers Frederick Denison Maurice (The Kingdom of Christ, 1838), John Ruskin (Unto This Last, 1862), Charles Kingsley (The Water-Babies, 1863), Thomas Hughes (Tom Brown's Schooldays, 1857), Frederick James Furnivall (co-creator of the Oxford English Dictionary), Adin Ballou (Practical Christian Socialism, 1854), and Francis Bellamy (a Baptist minister and the author of the United States' Pledge of Allegiance).

History

Biblical age

Elements that would form the basis of Christian socialism are found in the Old and New Testaments.{{sfn|Cort|1988|p=19}}

Old Testament

Old Testament had divided perspectives on the issue of poverty. One part of the Jewish tradition held that poverty was judgement of God upon the wicked while viewing prosperity as a reward for the good, stating that "The righteous has enough to satisfy his appetite, but the belly of the wicked suffers want" (Prov. 13:25).{{sfn|Cort|1988|p=20}}

However, there are other sections that instruct generosity to the "have nots" of society. The Torah instructs followers to treat neighbours equally and to be generous to have nots, such as stating:

Amos emphasizes the need for "justice" and "righteousness" that is described as conduct that emphasizes love for those who are poor and to oppose oppression and injustice towards the poor.{{sfn|Cort|1988|p=23}} The prophet Isaiah (759–694 B.C.) to whom is attributed the first thirty-nine chapters of the Book of Isaiah ("Proto-Isaiah"), followed upon Amos' themes of justice and righteousness involving the poor as necessary for followers of God, denouncing those who do not do these things, stating:

The Book of Sirach, one of the Deuterocanonical or Apocryphal books of the Old Testament, denounces the pursuit of wealth, stating:

The most important quote{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} of the Old Testament that has been recognized by Christian socialists{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} is the verse from Ecclesiastes 3:13 that describes God as promoting an egalitarian society, stating:

New Testament

In the New Testament, Jesus in Matthew 25:31–46 identifies himself with the hungry, the poor, the sick, and the prisoners.{{sfn|Cort|1988|p=31}} Matthew 25:31–46 is a major component of Christianity and is considered the cornerstone of Christian socialism.{{sfn|Cort|1988|p=31}} Another key statement in the New Testament that is an important component of Christian socialism is Luke 10:25–37 that follows the statement "You shall love your neighbour as yourself" with the question "And who is my neighbour?", and in the Parable of the Good Samaritan Jesus gives the revolutionary response that the neighbour includes anyone in need, even people we might be expected to shun.{{sfn|Cort|1988|p=32}} (The Samaritans were considered a heretical sect by Jews and neither would usually deal with the other.){{sfn|Cort|1988|p=32}}

In the Sermon on the Plain, Jesus says, "Blessed are you poor, for yours is the kingdom of God. Blessed are you that hunger now, for you shall be satisfied" (Luke 6:20, 21).{{sfn|Cort|1988|p=37}}

Christian socialists note that James the Just, the brother of Jesus of Nazareth, in the Epistle of James criticizes the rich intensely and in strong language:

Church Fathers age

Basil of Caesarea (c. 330–379), the Father of the Eastern monks who became Bishop of Caesarea, established a complex around the church and monastery that included hostels, almshouses, and hospitals for infectious diseases.{{sfn|Cort|1988|p=43}} During the great famine of 368, Basil denounced against profiteers and the indifferent rich.{{sfn|Cort|1988|p=43}} Basil wrote the sermon on The Rich Fool in which he states:

John Chrysostom declared his reasons for his attitude towards the rich and position of attitude towards wealth by saying:

19th century to present

A variety of socialist perspectives emerged in 19th century Britain, beginning with John Ruskin.

John Ruskin

The influential Victorian art critic John Ruskin expounded theories about social justice in Unto This Last (1860). In it, he stated four goals that might be called "socialist" although Ruskin did not use the term.{{sfn|Ruskin|1872|pp=xi–xiii}}

Ruskin was not "an authentic Socialist in any of its various nineteenth-century meanings." His only real contact with the Christian Socialists came through the Working Men's College. However, he influenced later socialist thinking, especially William Morris.{{sfn|Norman|1987|pp=122, 132}}

Artists

The painters of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood were influenced and sponsored by Ruskin.^[1] The artist William Morris was a leader of the Socialist League founded in December 1884.^[2]

Fabian Society

The Fabian Society was founded in the same year; Sydney and Beatrice Webb were among its leading members. The Fabians influenced members of the Bloomsbury Group and were important in the early history of the British Labour Party.^[3]

Episcopal Church Socialist League and the Church League for Industrial Democracy

Founded in 1911^[4] by Vida Dutton Scudder, herself influenced by the Fabian Society, the Episcopal Church Socialist League and its successor the Church League for Industrial Democracy sought to ally Christian doctrine with the plight of the working class^[5] as a part of the larger social gospel movement that was taking hold of many urban churches across the United States in the early 20th century.

Bishop Spalding

In the November 1914 issue of The Christian Socialist, Episcopal bishop Franklin Spencer Spalding of Utah stated:

Christian democracy

The political movement of Christian democracy espouses some values of Christian socialism, for example "economic justice" and "social welfare." It opposes an "individualist worldview" and it approves state intervention in the economy in defence of "human dignity." On the other hand, because of its "close association with Roman Catholicism", Christian democracy differs from Christian socialism by its emphasis on "traditional church and family values," by its defence of "private property," and by its opposition to "excessive intervention of the state."^[6]

Christian democratic parties (under various names) were formed in Europe and Latin America after World War II. Some became "a major political force."^[6]

Communists

Christian communism is a form of religious communism based on Christianity. It is a theological and political theory based upon the view that the teachings of Jesus Christ compel Christians to support communism as the ideal social system. Although there is no universal agreement on the exact date when Christian communism was founded, many Christian communists assert that evidence from the Bible (in the Acts of the Apostles)^[7] suggests that the first Christians, including the apostles, established their own small communist society in the years following Jesus' death and resurrection.^[7] As such, many advocates of Christian communism argue that it was taught by Jesus and practiced by the apostles themselves.^[8] Some independent historians confirm it.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]

Spiritualism and Occultism

Utopian socialist ideas continued, after 1848, in new religious movements such as Spiritualism or Occultism.^[21] They were often marked by a heterodox Christian identity and a decidedly anti-materialist attitude.

In Catholicism

In Catholicism, communism was strongly criticized in the 1878 papal encyclical Quod Apostolici Muneris by Pope Leo XIII, as he believed that it led to state domination over the freedom of the individual and quelled proper religious worship, inherently turning the top hierarchical power over to the state instead of God. This opinion was moderated an encyclical issued by Pope Pius XI on 15 May 1931 Quadragesimo anno, wherein Pius describes the major dangers for human freedom and dignity arising from unrestrained capitalism and totalitarian communism. Pius XI called upon true socialism to distance itself from totalitarian communism as a matter of clarity and also as a matter of principle. Communists were accused of attempting to overthrow all existing civil society, and Christian socialism, if allied to communism, was deemed to be an oxymoron because of this.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} Pius XI famously wrote at the time that "no one can be at the same time a good Catholic and a true socialist",^[22] yet had clarified that a Catholic was free to vote for the British Labour Party, the UK affiliate of the Socialist International. Nonetheless, prominent Catholic Socialists did exist during Pope Pius Xi's era, such as Dorothy Day of the United States of America, and Father Michael O'Flanagan of Ireland.

More recently movements such as liberation theology, and Tradinista! have argued for the compatibility of socialism and Catholicism. António Guterres, a practicing Catholic and current Secretary-General of the United Nations is the immediate past President of the Socialist International.

In Calvinism

In France, the birthplace of Calvinism, the Christianisme Social (Social Christianity) movement emerged from the preaching of Tommy Fallot^[25] in the 1870s. Early on, the movement focused on such issues as illiteracy and alcoholism amongst the poor.^[26] After the First World War, Social Christianity moved in two directions: towards pacifism and towards ecumenism.

Hence within the movement emerged conscientious objectors such as Jacques Martin, Philo Vernier and Henri Roser, economists pursuing policies that reflected cooperation and solidarity (such as Bernard Lavergne and Georges Lasserre), and theologians such as Paul Ricoeur. One of the pastors in the movement, Jacques Kaltenbach, was also to have a formative influence on André Trocmé.{{sfn|Chalamet|2013}}

Under the Vichy regime, which had seen the emergence of other forms of witness (particularly the support of internees in the camps, and aiding Jews to escape), the movement was reborn to tackle the problems of a changing world. It expressed a Christian socialism, more or less in line with the beginning of a new political left. Political activism was very broad and included the denunciation of torture, East–West debate on European integration and taking a stance on the process of decolonization. It facilitated meetings between employers, managers and trade unionists to discern a new economic order.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

After the events of May 1968, Calvinism in France became much more left-wing in its orientation.^[27] One doctrinal text produced in this period, Church and Authorities, was described as Marxist in its orientation.^[27] Churches now seized for themselves the political and social issues to tackle, such as nuclear power and justice for the Third World.

In the early 2000s, the Social Christianity movement temporarily discontinued and its journal, Other Times, ceased to be published.^[26] However, the movement was relaunched on 10 June 2010 with a petition signed by over 240 people^[26] and now maintains an active presence with its own website.^[28]

Economically, Calvinists have supported capitalism and have been in the vanguard of promoting market capitalism^[29] and have produced many of France's leading entrepreneurs.^[29] With regard to politics and social issues however, they are very much socialists.^[27] Three of France's post-war prime ministers have been Calvinists, despite Protestants only making up two percent of the population. Two of these prime ministers have been socialists.^[29]

In Australia, the academic Roland Boer has attempted to synthesize Calvinism and Marxism.^[30] He has stated that "it became clear to me that within Christianity there is a strong tradition of political and theological radicalism, which I continued to explore personally. Reformed or Calvinist theology did not seem to sit easily with that interest, so I spent many a long year rejecting that tradition, only to realise later that Calvin himself was torn between the radical potential of elements in the Bible and his own conservative preferences".^[31]

In Wales, Calvinistic Methodism is the largest non-conformist religion. Its beginnings may be traced to Griffith Jones (1684–1761), of Llanddowror, Carmarthenshire, whose sympathy for the poor led him to set on foot a system of circulating charity schools for the education of children.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} However, until the nineteenth century, the prevailing thought amongst Welsh non-conformists was that "it would be wiser if the churches limited their activities to those of the altar and not to meddle at all with the state and social questions". This stemmed partly from the traditional nonconformist belief in the separation of church and state.{{sfn|Llwyd|2015|p=3}}

In his influential sermon, Y Ddwy Alwedigaeth (The Two Vocations), Emrys ap Iwan challenged this passive pietism: "We must not think, like the old Methodists, Puritans and some Catholics, that we can only seek Godliness outside our earthly vocation." He condemned those Christians who limited godliness to directly religious matters such as Sabbath observance and personal devotion. He declared that all earthly things, including language and culture, have some kind of divine origin.{{sfn|Llwyd|2015|p=4}}

Many of the founders of the Welsh nationalist social-democratic party, Plaid Cymru were also devout Calvinists,{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} including John Edward Daniel. Daniel was the theologian credited for bringing neo-orthodoxy to Wales. Daniel argued that God did not create man as an isolated individual but as a social being.{{sfn|Llwyd|2015|p=4}}

The second generation of Plaid Cymru leaders included R. Tudur Jones. His political stance, combined with Calvinist doctrine, created an integrated vision that was significant to the religious life of Christian Wales in the later half of the 20th century.{{sfn|Davies|Jenkins|Baines|Lynch|2008}} Jones argued that the "state should be a servant, to preserve order and to allow men to live the good life".{{sfn|Llwyd|2015|p=5}}

Today, many Calvinist socialists in Wales support same-sex marriage on the grounds that it delivers marriage equality in the eyes of the state while still allowing churches to follow their own conscience, thus upholding the traditional Protestant belief in separation of church and state.{{sfn|Llwyd|2015|p=7}}

The Calvinist tradition in Plaid Cymru has also influenced its non-violent approach.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} "The ideal is no fist violence, no verbal violence, and no heart violence.... Christians... point to the New Testament example of Jesus Christ clearing the temple. Here there is no suggestion of violence against people; rather the tables are turned as a symbolic act. The life and teaching of Jesus Christ were seen as the foundations of nonviolent direct action [for Plaid Cymru members]... loving their enemies on the one hand, but not compromising on what they saw as an issue of moral rightness."{{sfn|Llwyd|2015|p=6}} Plaid Cymru continues to see itself as very much part of the Christian pacifist tradition.{{sfn|Llwyd|2015|p=7}}

Criticism

Lawrence Reed, in Rendering Unto Caesar, writes that Jesus was not a socialist in that he promoted voluntary giving and charity rather than the mandatory taking by government (taxes).{{sfn|Reed|2015}}{{Dubious|Criticism section dubious|date=December 2018}} Johnnie Moore (Professor of Religion at Liberty University) writing on the homepage of Fox News Radio's Todd Starnes, says Jesus was a capitalist.^[32]{{Dubious|Criticism section dubious|date=December 2018}} Bryan Fischer, of the American Family Association, says Jesus was a capitalist who advocated "voluntary redistribution of wealth".^[33]{{Dubious|Criticism section dubious|date=December 2018}}

Christian socialist parties

Notable Christian socialists

See also

Notes

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/painting/prb/1.html |title=Pre-Raphaelites: An Introduction |last=Landow |first=George P. |year=2015 |orig-year=1989 |website=The Victorian Web |access-date=4 June 2016}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/morris/wmsocialm.html |title=Morris's Socialism |last=Cody |first=David |year=2002 |orig-year=1987 |website=The Victorian Web |access-date=4 June 2016}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fabians.org.uk/about/the-fabian-story/ |title=The Fabian Story |publisher=Fabian Society |access-date=23 December 2015}}
4. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.episcopalchurch.org/library/glossary/scudder-vida-dutton|title=Scudder, Vida Dutton|date=2012-05-22|work=Episcopal Church|access-date=2018-10-24|language=en}}
5. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.episcopalchurch.org/library/glossary/christian-socialism|title=Christian Socialism|date=2012-05-22|work=Episcopal Church|access-date=2018-10-24|language=en}}
6. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://0-academic.eb.com.librarycatalog.vts.edu/EBchecked/topic/115089/Christian-democracy |title=Christian Democracy |year=2015 |website=Britannica Academic |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=25 December 2015}}
7. ^¹Acts 2:44, 4:32–37; 5:1–12. Other verses are: Matthew 5:1–12, 6:24, Luke 3:11, 16:11, 2 Corinthians 8:13–15 and James 5:3.
8. ^This is the standpoint of the orthodox Marxist {{cite book|last=Kautsky|first=Karl|title=Foundations of Christianity|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1908/christ/index.htm|date=1953|orig-year=1908|publisher=Russell and Russell|chapter=IV.II. The Christian Idea of the Messiah. Jesus as a Rebel.|chapterurl=http://www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1908/christ/ch10.htm#s3}}: Christianity was the expression of class conflict in Antiquity.
9. ^Gustav Bang Crises in European History p. 24.
10. ^{{cite book|last=Lansford|first=Tom|title=Communism. Political Systems of the World|accessdate=16 May 2011|year=2007|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=|pages=24–25|chapter=History of Communism|chapterurl=https://books.google.nl/books?id=MjjTt-TITcUC&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=apostles+communist&source=bl&ots=c-LonaZg7K&sig=TiPALG62AWWVwwCcS8PCdiyW3l8&hl=nl&ei=4-9CTbTBCcvtOf2GlfsB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=apostles%20communist&f=false}}
11. ^{{cite book|last=von Mises|first=Ludwig|title=Socialism|accessdate=16 May 2011|year=1981|orig-year=1951|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Heaven|page=424|chapter=Christianity and Socialism|chapterurl=https://books.google.nl/books?id=3GXi4MQQs3IC&pg=PA424&lpg=PA424&dq=apostles+communist+acts&source=bl&ots=lp5PlSH2cT&sig=8BsKuIFGHueLhuXwdomnRCLnoTQ&hl=nl&ei=GfJCTczjMoSbOpezlY0C&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CF8Q6AEwCDge#v=onepage&q=apostles%20communist%20acts&f=false}}
12. ^{{cite book|last1= |first1= |authorlink1= |last2= |first2= |authorlink2= |coauthors= |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |editor1-link= |others= |title= The London Quarterly and Holborn Review, Volume 26|accessdate=10 May 2011 |year=1866 |origyear=April and July |publisher= |location= London |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |id= |page=502|chapter=Rénan's Les Apôtres. Community life|chapterurl=https://books.google.nl/books?id=zhoaAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA502&dq=ananias+punished+death+communism&hl=nl&ei=l3PITfm4LtGWOpz1sO0B&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=ananias%20punished%20death%20communism&f=false}}
13. ^{{cite book|last=Unterbrink|first=Daniel T.|title=Judas the Galilean|accessdate=10 May 2011|year=2004|publisher=iUniverse|location=Lincoln|isbn=0-595-77000-2|page=92|chapter=The Dead Sea Scrolls|chapterurl=https://books.google.nl/books?id=AhBFPH864P4C&pg=PA92&dq=ananias+punished+death+communism&hl=nl&ei=_3bITYmIEomfOpzqqe4B&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDcQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=ananias%20punished%20death%20communism&f=false}}
14. ^{{cite book|first=Donald|last=Guthrie|orig-year=1975|year=1992|publisher=Zondervan|isbn=978-0-310-25421-8|title=The Apostles|page=46|location=Grand Rapids, Michigan|chapter=3. Early Problems. 15. Early Christian Communism|chapterurl=https://books.google.nl/books?id=uts4VTUm1iEC&pg=PA46&dq=apostles+communist+acts&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=HsW4UM-0IcK1hAeD6YCoDg&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=apostles%20communist%20acts&f=false}}
15. ^{{cite book|first=Ernest|last=Renan|page=152|title=Origins of Christianity|publisher=Carleton|location=New York|year=1869|chapter=VIII. First Persecution. Death of Stephen. Destruction of the First Church of Jerusalem|volume=II. The Apostles|chapterurl=https://books.google.nl/books?id=knYRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA152&dq=apostles+communist&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=wcW4ULPoN8LDhAeD-4CYAg&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=apostles%20communist&f=false}}
16. ^{{cite book|first=Arnold|last=Ehrhardt|title=The Acts of the Apostles|year=1969|isbn=978-0719003820|publisher=University of Manchester. The University Press|location=Manchester|chapter=St Peter and the Twelve|page=20|chapterurl=https://books.google.nl/books?id=kAbZAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA20&dq=apostles+communist+calvin&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=Lca4UMXPDtKGhQeGhIDADw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=apostles%20communist%20calvin&f=false}}
17. ^{{cite book|first=Roland|last=Boer|page=120|title=Political Grace. The Revolutionary Theology of John Calvin|chapter=Conclusion: What If? Calvin and the Spirit of Revolution. Bible|year=2009|isbn=978-0-664-23393-8|location=Louisville, Kentucky|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|chapterurl=https://books.google.nl/books?id=HIeLYNEq6zsC&pg=PA120&dq=apostles+communist+calvin&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=Lca4UMXPDtKGhQeGhIDADw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=apostles%20communist%20calvin&f=false}}
18. ^{{cite book|first=Reta|last=Halteman Finger|year=2007|page=39|title=Of Widows and Meals. Communal Meals in the Book of Acts|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.|location=Cambridge, UK|chapter=Reactions to Style and Redaction Criticism|isbn=978-0-8028-3053-1|chapterurl=https://books.google.nl/books?id=Z2RVoa4_qX8C&pg=PA39&dq=apostles+communist+acts&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=XMe4UPXNNc-YhQf894HwBg&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=apostles%20communist%20acts&f=false}}
19. ^{{cite book|first1=Charles John|last1=Ellicott|first2=Edward Hayes|last2=Plumptre|chapter=III. The Church in Jerusalem. I. Christian Communism|title=The Acts of the Apostles|year=1910|location=London|publisher=Cassell|chapterurl=https://books.google.nl/books?id=Htk8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA11&dq=apostles+communist+acts&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=XMe4UPXNNc-YhQf894HwBg&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=apostles%20communist%20acts&f=false}}
20. ^{{cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/994706026|title=All Things in Common The Economic Practices of the Early Christians.|last=Montero|first=Roman A.|date=2017|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|others=Foster, Edgar G.|isbn=9781532607912|location=Eugene|oclc=994706026}}
21. ^See, e.g., {{harvnb|Strube|2016a}}; {{harvnb|Cyranka|2016}}; {{harvnb|Braude|1989}}.
22. ^{{cite magazine |date=8 July 1957 |title=Socialism & the Vatican |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,825096,00.html |url-access=subscription |magazine=Time |volume=70 |issue=2 |page=19 |access-date=4 June 2016}}
23. ^{{Cite web |title=Pope Francis: Capitalism is 'Terrorism Against All of Humanity' |last=Knight |first=Nika |work=Common Dreams |date=2 August 2016 |access-date=8 September 2018 |url= https://www.commondreams.org/news/2016/08/02/pope-francis-capitalism-terrorism-against-all-humanity |quote=}}
24. ^{{Cite web |title=Pope: "It is the Communists Who Think Like Christians" |last=Skojec |first=Steve |work=OnePeterFive |date=11 November 2016 |access-date=8 September 2018 |url= https://onepeterfive.com/pope-communists-think-like-christians/ |quote=}}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.museeprotestant.org/en/notice/social-christianity/ |title=Social Christianity |website=Virtual Museum of Protestantism |publisher=Fondation pasteur Eugène Bersier |access-date=4 June 2016}}
26. ^¹²{{cite web |url=http://www.franceculture.fr/emission-service-protestant-la-relance-du-christianisme-social-2010-07-18.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20140826184138/http://www.franceculture.fr/emission-service-protestant-la-relance-du-christianisme-social-2010-07-18.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=26 August 2014 |title=La relance du christianisme social |year=2010 |website=France Culture |publisher=Radio France |language=French |trans-title=The Revival of Social Christianity |access-date=4 June 2016 |df=dmy-all }}
27. ^¹²{{cite magazine |last1=Wells |first1=Paul |date=May 1988 |title=L'Église C'est Moi: The French Churches and the 'Me' Generation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kBtZ5WdrI8C&pg=PA14 |magazine=Third Way |volume=11 |issue=5 |location=London |publisher=Hymns Ancient & Modern |pages=14–16 |access-date=4 June 2016}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.christianismesocial.org |title=Accueil |website=...Se réclamant du christianisme social |language=French |trans-title=Welcome |access-date=5 June 2016}}
29. ^¹²{{cite magazine |date=16 April 1998 |title=Prim but Punchy |url=http://www.economist.com/node/160426 |url-access=limited |magazine=The Economist |volume=346 |issue=8064 |page=48 |access-date=4 June 2016}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.newcastle.edu.au/profile/roland-boer |title=Professor Roland Boer |publisher=University of Newcastle |access-date=4 June 2016}}
31. ^{{cite web |url=https://poserorprophet.wordpress.com/2010/12/24/an-interview-with-roland-boer-on-marxism-and-theology/ |title=An Interview with Roland Boer (On Marxism and Theology) |last= Oudshoorn |first=Dan |date=24 December 2010 |website=On Journeying with those in Exile |access-date=4 June 2016}}
32. ^{{cite web | last1=Moore | first1=Johnnie | title=Was Jesus a Socialist or a Capitalist? | url=http://radio.foxnews.com/toddstarnes/top-stories/was-jesus-a-socialist-or-a-capitalist.html | website= | publisher=Fox News Radio | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005230518/http://radio.foxnews.com/toddstarnes/top-stories/was-jesus-a-socialist-or-a-capitalist.html | archive-date=5 October 2016 | dead-url=unfit | access-date=4 June 2016}}
33. ^{{cite web|last1=Fischer|first1=Bryan|authorlink1=Bryan Fischer|title=Jesus Was Not a Socialist|url=http://www.afa.net/the-stand/bible/2015/10/jesus-was-not-a-socialist/|website=The Stand|publisher=American Family Association|date=15 October 2015|access-date=4 June 2016}}
34. ^{{cite web |last1=Gustafson |first1=Barry |author-link1=Barry Gustafson |year=2012 |orig-year=1996 |title=Archer, John Kendrick |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/3a17/archer-john-kendrick |department=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography |work=The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage |access-date=4 June 2016}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/bellamy_f/bellamy_f.html |title=Grand Lodge of BC and Yukon profile of Bellamy |publisher=Freemasonry.bcy.ca |date= |accessdate=2012-11-01}}
36. ^{{cite book|author=Sydney Higgins|title=The Benn Inheritance: The Story of a Radical Family|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1aRhQgAACAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson|isbn=978-0-297-78524-8}} Quoted in {{cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Rob|title=Vital key to the real Tony Benn|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vMtAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zKUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4768%2C5509048|accessdate=4 May 2016|work=The Glasgow Herald|date=27 September 1984|page=8}}
37. ^{{cite journal |last=Webber |first=Christopher L. |year=1959 |title=William Dwight Porter Bliss (1856–1926): Priest and Socialist |journal=Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=9–39 |issn=2377-5289 |jstor=42972716}}
38. ^{{cite web |url= http://yqyq.net/5485-Sergeiy_Nikolaevich_Bulgakov.html |title=Sergei Bulgakov » News from different disciplines |first= |last= |work=yqyq.net |year=2009 |accessdate=9 December 2011}}
39. ^{{cite web |last1=Lustig |first1=Robin |title=Hugo Chavez: Charming provocateur |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4359924.stm |website=BBC News |accessdate=16 March 2019 |date=20 October 2005}}
40. ^{{cite news|title=Paperbacks in Review|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1960/01/17/99850197.pdf |accessdate=January 26, 2014|newspaper=New York Times|date=January 17, 1960}}
41. ^{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Southwell |first1=F. R. |last2=Barry |first2=F. R. |last3=Gray |first3=Donald |author3-link=Donald Gray (priest) |year=2004 |title=Dearmer, Percy (1867–1936) |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |edition=online |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/32763}}
42. ^{{cite book | editor-last = Thomas | editor-first = Lewis | year = 1982 | title = The Making of a Socialist: The Recollections of T.C. Douglas | location = Edmonton | publisher = The University of Alberta Press | isbn = 978-0-88864-070-3}}
43. ^{{cite web |last1=Gustafson |first1=Barry |author-link1=Barry Gustafson |year=2013 |orig-year=1998 |title=Nash, Walter |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/4n2/nash-walter |department=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography |work=The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage |access-date=4 June 2016}}
44. ^{{cite news |last1=Maiden |first1=Samantha |author-link1=Samantha Maiden |last2=Edwards |first2=Verity |date=15 December 2006 |title=Rudd Backtracks on Socialism |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20930265-2702,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070906083040/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20930265-2702,00.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=6 September 2007 |newspaper=The Australian Financial Review |access-date=}}
45. ^{{cite magazine |last1=Rudd |first1=Kevin |author-link1=Kevin Rudd |date=October 2006 |title=Faith in Politics |url=https://www.themonthly.com.au/monthly-essays-kevin-rudd-faith-politics--300 |url-access=limited |magazine=The Monthly |issue=17 |access-date=4 June 2016 |quote=A Christian perspective, informed by a social gospel or Christian socialist tradition, should not be rejected contemptuously by secular politicians as if these views are an unwelcome intrusion into the political sphere.}}
46. ^{{cite news |last1=Gordon |first1=Michael |last2= Grattan |first2=Michelle |author-link2=Michelle Grattan |date=14 December 2006 |title=Rudd Rejects Socialism |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/rudd-rejects-socialism/2006/12/13/1165685753120.html?page=fullpage |newspaper=The Age |access-date=4 June 2016}}