1. DNA replication

2. Polymerase chain reaction

3. Gene synthesis
    Oligonucleotide synthesis  Base pair synthesis 

4. References

DNA synthesis is the natural or artificial creation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules. The term DNA synthesis can refer to DNA replication - DNA biosynthesis (in vivo DNA amplification), polymerase chain reaction - enzymatic DNA synthesis (in vitro DNA amplification) or gene synthesis - physically creating artificial gene sequences.

DNA replication

In nature, DNA molecules are created by all living cells through the process of DNA replication, with replication initiator proteins splitting the cell's DNA and copying each split strand, with the copied strands then joining together with their template strand into a new DNA molecule. Various means exist to artificially stimulate the replication of naturally occurring DNA, or to create artificial gene sequences. The process of DNA replication occurs typically as part of cell division, during interphase.

Polymerase chain reaction

A polymerase chain reaction is a form of enzymatic DNA synthesis in the laboratory, using cycles of repeated heating and cooling of the reaction for DNA melting and enzymatic replication of the DNA.

Gene synthesis

Twist Bioscience developed a silicon-based manufacturing process to industrialize the production of synthetic DNA. By synthesizing DNA on silicon instead of on traditional plastic plates, cost-effective, high-quality synthesis of genes, gene fragments, oligo pools and variant libraries (groups of gene sequences) for antibody and protein engineering^[1][2], as well as consumable products for next-generation sequencing is enabled.

Oligonucleotide synthesis

Oligonucleotide synthesis is the chemical synthesis of sequences of nucleic acids. The process has been automated since the late 1970s and can be used to form desired genetic sequences as well as for other uses in medicine and molecular biology.

Base pair synthesis

New nucleobase pairs can also be synthesized, A-T (adenine - thymine) and G-C (guanine - cytosine). A third base pair would expand the number of amino acids that can be encoded by DNA from the existing 20 amino acids to a possible 172.^[3]

References

• The Saint and the People Importers
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• The Saint and the Templar Treasure
• The Saint Around the World
• The Saint Closes the Case
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• The Saint in Miami
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• The Saint in Pursuit
• The Saint Intervenes
• The Saint in the Sun
• The Saint in Trouble
• The Saint John's Bible
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• The Saint Meets His Match
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• The Saint (novel)