请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Japan Karate Association
释义

  1. Origins

  2. Splinter groups

  3. Kenshusei (instructor intern) training program

     Graduates  Note 

  4. Competition

     World championships  Male Kumite  Male Kata  Female Kumite  Female Kata 

  5. References

  6. External links

{{Infobox Organization
|name = United World Traditional Shotokan Association
|image = Japan Karate Association Logo.png
|abbreviation = JKA
|size = 105px
|motto = Keepers of Karate's Highest Tradition
|type = Sports federation
|formation = May 27, 1949
|headquarters = 2-23-15 Koraku, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo JAPAN 112-0004
|membership = Japan Karate Federation, World Karate Federation[1]
|leader_title = Soke
|leader_name = Masaaki Ueki, 9th Dan
|language = Japanese, English
|website= www.jka.or.jp
}}Japan Karate Association (日本 空手 協会; Nihon Karate Kyokai; JKA; sometimes referred to simply as Kyokai 協会 in Japan) is one of the most influential Shotokan karate organizations in the world. It is also one of the oldest karate organizations continuously in operation until the present.[2]

Origins

Gichin Funakoshi played a major role in introducing karate from Okinawa to Japan, adjusted to reduce injury and merged with approaches for athletic training. On May 27, 1949, some of his senior students, such as Isao Obata, Masatoshi Nakayama, and Hidetaka Nishiyama, formed a karate organization dedicated to research, promotion, events management, and education: the Japan Karate Association.[3] Funakoshi, then around 80 years old, held a position equivalent to emeritus chief instructor. Nakayama designated as the chief instructor.

The JKA emerged from karate clubs at Japanese universities located in the Tokyo region. Most of these universities, however, distanced themselves from the JKA during the 1950s. Takushoku University always kept strong ties with the JKA, being the alma mater of many of the senior JKA instructors, such as Nakayama, Nishiyama, Okazaki, Asai, Kanazawa, and Enoeda, who were responsible for the JKA's consolidation during the 1960s and 1970s.[3][4]

General uneasiness on how karate was taught by the JKA instructors and disagreements on Funakoshi's funeral arrangements in 1957 motivated some of the senior karateka connected with Funakoshi, but not associated with the JKA, such as Shigeru Egami, Genshin Hironishi, and Tsutomu Ohshima, to form their own organizations, such as Shotokai and Shotokan Karate of America).[5] They claimed to practice a version of Shotokan karate closer to what Funakoshi taught, as compared to the JKA style. The JKA Shotokan approach is also based on Funakoshi's karate, but with significant adaptations introduced mostly by Nakayama, who was JKA chief instructor until his death in 1987.[3][6][7] Under Nakayama's leadership, a generation of respected instructors spread karate worldwide, guided from the JKA's headquarters in Tokyo.[3]

Nakayama's books, which include Dynamic Karate and the Best Karate series,[8][9] are fundamental references on Shotokan karate as practiced under the JKA. Clive Nicol, in his classic book Moving Zen, describes the karate practice at the JKA's honbu dojo (headquarters training hall) in Tokyo during the early 1960s, from his unique perspective as a western karate student going from white to black belt in a few years.[10]

Splinter groups

The JKA experienced several divisions from the 1970s onwards. Notable splinter groups formed as follows:

  • In 1977, JKA instructor Shiro Asano formed his own organization, and invited master Hirokazu Kanazawa to take his place as chief instructor. The group is now known as Shotokan Karate-Do International Federation (SKIF).
  • Following Nakayama's death in 1987, the JKA experienced a turbulent period, both at the Tokyo headquarters and worldwide. Taiji Kase and Hiroshi Shirai, senior JKA instructors in Europe quit to form the World Karate-Do Shotokan Academy. Taketo Okuda, JKA chief instructor in Brazil, quit to focus on his own organization, Butoku-kan.
  • In 1990, a legal dispute started between two groups about the control of JKA. One group was led by Tetsuhiko Asai, the other by Nobuyuki Nakahara. After several court rulings, the issue was ultimately settled by the Japanese Supreme Court on June 10, 1999, in favor of Nakahara's group, which included Masaaki Ueki and Masahiko Tanaka.[11] The other group, led by Tetsuhiko Asai, JKA chief instructor after Nakayama, and including Keigo Abe and Mikio Yahara, left JKA to form other organizations: Japan Karate Shotorenmei,[12] Japan Shotokan Karate Association,[13] and Karatenomichi World Federation,[14] respectively.
  • In 2007, the International Shotokan Karate Federation (ISKF), with headquarters in the US, led by Teruyuki Okazaki, 10th dan and one of the most senior JKA instructors, became independent. However, by 2010 at least two senior Instructors returned to JKA.
  • In 2009, Takahashi Shunsuke broke away from JKA Australia to form the TSKF Australia (Traditional Shotokan Karate-Do Federation). TSKF joined Teruyuki Okazaki's ISKF in 2011.
  • By 2011, it was acknowledged that Masao Kawasoe, 7th Dan JKA, had returned to the JKA.

Due to these divisions, there is today the notion of a separate JKA karate style—that is, Shotokan karate that follows the JKA tradition to a large extent, but is taught by instructors who are not officially affiliated with JKA (though most of them are former JKA instructors and graduates).

Kenshusei (instructor intern) training program

In 1956, the JKA started its kenshusei instructor intern training program at the JKA honbu dojo, in Yotsuya, Tokyo, which had been built in 1955. This program was instituted by Masatoshi Nakayama. The training program has promoted the consistency and quality control of JKA training practices over the years, graduating some of the world's most well known karateka (practitioners of karate), as listed below.

Graduates

The following table lists JKA kenshusei training program graduates in order of year of graduation. The reported rank of graduates no longer with the JKA is that from their current organization. Such rank is not necessarily recognized by the JKA.

Name Year of GraduationRank Position
Mikami Takayuki 1957 9th dan USA JKA/AF Southern
Takaura Eiji 1957
Kanazawa Hirokazu 1957 10th dan Founder SKIF
Tsushima Toshio 1958
Yaguchi Yutaka 1958 9th dan USA ISKF Mountain States
Ouchi Kyo 1959
Sato Masaki 1959
*Saito Shigeru 1959
Inaba Mitsue 1960
Kano Masahiko 1960
Watanabe Gunji 1960
*Ogata Kyoji 1960
Kisaka Katsuharu 1961 8th dan USA - JKA New Jersey since 1967 (current)
Nakaya Ken 1961
Ogawa Eiko 1961
Ueki Masaaki 1961 9th dan(2011) HQ Shihan Chief Instructor Worldwide
Keinosuke Enoeda 1961 9th dan Deceased 29 March 2003
*Miyazaki Satoshi 1961 8th dan Deceased 31 May 1993
*Mori Osamu 1961
*Takahashi Yoshimasa 1961
*Majima Kenshiro 1962
Sakai Ryusuke 1962 8th dan
Jitsuhara Shoji 1963
Ochi Hideo 1963 9th dan DJKB ("JKA Germany")
Takahashi Yasuoki 1963
Itaya Michihisa 1963 6th dan South America JKA - "Deceased 1972"
Abe Keigo 1965 9th dan Japan JSKA
Oishi Takeshi 1965
*Tabata Yukichi 1965
Takashina Shigeru 1966 8th dan USA JKA/WFA Deceased September 3, 2013
Kawazoe Masao 1967 8th Dan (Also Chief Instructor ITKF)
Higashi Kunio 1967
Iida Norihiko 1967
Okamoto Hideki 1967 8th dan Egypt - "Deceased 2009".
Takahashi Shunsuke 1967 8th dan Chief Instructor TSKF Australia
Yano Kenji 1967
Okuda Taketo 1967 8th dan Butoku-kan (Brazil)
Baba Isamu 1970
Horie Teruo 1971
Nishino Shuhei 1971
*Hayakawa Norimasa 1971
Kanegae Kenji 1972
Osaka Yoshiharu 1972 8th dan HQ Full-Time Instructor
Sato Teruo 1974
Mori Toshihiro 1975
Imura Takenori 1977 7th dan HQ Full-Time Instructor
Kurasako Kenro 1977 7th dan HQ Full-Time Instructor
Minoru Kawawada 1978 7th dan HQ Full-Time Instructor
Komaki Masaki 1978
Omura Fujikiyo 1978 7th dan JKA Thailand
Fukami Akira 1979
Kaneko Taneaki 1979
Sakata Masashi 1979
Abe Miwako 1980
Tsuchii Takayuki 1980
Yamamoto Hideo 1980
Ohta Yoshinobu Attendee 7th Dan Head JKA England
Ogura Yasunori 1982 7th dan HQ Full-Time Instructor
Imamura Tomio 1983 7th dan HQ Full-Time Instructor
Kashiwagi Nobuyuki 1984
Koike Tsuyoshi 1984
Yokomichi Masaaki 1984
Izumiya Seizo 1986 6th dan HQ Full-Time Instructor
Shiina Katsutoshi 1986 6th dan HQ Full-Time Instructor
Hanzaki Yasuo 1987 6th dan HQ Full-Time Instructor
Nakamura Yoko 1987
Naka Tatsuya 1989 7th dan (2012) HQ Full-Time Instructor
Noda Kenichi 1990
Taniyama Takuya 1990 6th dan HQ Full-Time Instructor
*Imai Hiromitsu 1991
Takahashi Satoshi 1992 5th dan HQ Full-Time Instructor
Kobayashi Kunio 1993 5th dan HQ Full-Time Instructor
Ogata Koji 1994 5th dan HQ Full-Time Instructor
Walter Crockford 1996 5th dan JKA Canada
Ikenaga Atsushi 1996
Hirayama Yuko 1998 6th dan (as of 2012) HQ Secretariat
Okuma Koichiro 1998 6th dan HQ Full-Time Instructor
Iwasawa Mayumi 1998 3rd dan HQ Secretariat
Aragaki Misako 2003 3rd dan HQ Secretariat
Ubukata Koji 2003
Yamada Satomi 2004
Nemoto Keisuke 2004
Okuie Satomi 2004
Kurihara Kazuaki 2004
Shimizu Ryosuke 2004
Kumeta Riki 2008

Note

This list is incomplete. For instance, it does not include some members who were expelled or resigned from the JKA see below:

  • Kisaka Katsuharu (Katsuya) 8th dan JKA Instructor JKA of New Jersey, USA (current)
  • Abe Keigo, 9th dan (former JKA HQ instructor) JSKA Chief Instructor
  • Aramoto Nobuyuki, 8th dan (former JKA instructor)
  • Asai Tetsuhiko, 10th dan (former HQ JKA instructor) JKS/IJKA Chief instructor (passed)
  • Inaba Tsuneyuki, 7th dan (former JKA instructor)
  • Isaka Akito, 7th dan (former JKA instructor) KWF
  • Ishimine Minoru, 7th dan (former JKA instructor)
  • Kagawa Masao, 8th dan (former JKA instructor) JKS Chief Instructor
  • Kagawa Masayoshi, 7th dan (former JKA member, not JKA instructor graduate)
  • Kanayama Kyosho, 7th dan (former JKA instructor)
  • Mizuno Yoshihisa, 8th dan (former JKA instructor)
  • Yokota Kousaku, 8th dan (former JKA member, not JKA instructor graduate) ASAI Chief Instructor
  • Naito Takashi, 7th dan (Has left E.T.K.F & returned to JKA)
  • Shin Naomitsu, 7th dan (former JKA member, not JKA instructor graduate)
  • Sumi Yoshikazu, 8th dan (former JKA member, not JKA instructor graduate) ISKDA Chief Instructor
  • Tamang Pemba, 8th dan (former JKA HQ instructor) NSKF Chief Instructor
  • Tanaka Chougo, 7th dan (former JKA member, not JKA instructor graduate)
  • Yahara Mikio, 8th dan (former JKA HQ instructor) KWF Chief Instructor
  • Yamaguchi Takashi, 8th dan (former JKA instructor)
  • Kanazawa Hirokazu, 10th dan (former JKA HQ instructor) Chief instructor SKIF
  • Kase Yasuharu, 10th dan (former JKA HQ instructor) Chief Instructor SRKH (passed)
  • Kasuya Hitoshi, 9th dan (former JKA instructor) Chief Instructor WSKF
  • Katsumata (Suzuki) Yutaka, 7th dan (former JKA instructor)
  • Shirai Hiroshi, 10th dan (former JKA instructor) WSKA
  • Tatetsu Meicho, 7th dan (former JKA instructor)
  • Asano Shiro, 9th dan (former JKA member, not JKA instructor graduate) SKIF

The list at the JKA's website, which includes most members who left or were expelled, may also be incomplete. The JKA has not included some former members who have completed the course and are not currently affiliated with JKA. In addition, during the troubled period between 1990 and 1999 each JKA faction held its own instructors' course. Currently, the JKA does not recognize graduates from the instructors' courses led by the JKS (Japan Karate Shoto Renmei, which also held the name JKA between 1990 and 1999).

Karateka such as Dave Hazard (UK)[15], Ennio Vezzuli (Brazil), Nigel Jackson (South Africa), Peté Pacheco (Portugal), Malcolm Fisher (Canada), Leon Montoya (Colombia), Richard Amos (UK, US), Pascal Lesage (France) and others, are mentioned in karate forums as having completed the JKA instructors' course (or having had substantial participation in it) but do not appear on the list of graduates as published in 2008 on the JKA's website.[16]

In addition, the list does not include graduate instructors from the instructor programmes of splinter groups such as JKS and KWF, examples being

Norio Kawasaki (KWF - Japan)

Masamichi Otsuka (KWF - Japan)

Yutaka Koike (JKS - Japan)

Yasuhisa Inada (JKS - Japan)

Scott Langley (JKS - Ireland)

Kyle Kamal Helou (JKS - Lebanon)

Takeo Matsui (JKS- Japan)

Takuya Makita (JKS - Japan)

Competition

Although Gichin Funakoshi wrote that there are no contests in Karate, Nakayama Masatoshi teachings led to more scientific and competitive approach to the training and in 1957 the first All Japan Karate Championship was held, and has been held annually since.

World championships

In addition, the JKA has organised a number of international tournaments amongst which the following have been considered to be the JKA's World Championships:

YearTournament nameLocation
1975 1st IAKF World ChampionshipsUSA}} {{small|Los Angeles, USA}}
1977 2nd IAKF World ChampionshipsJPN}} {{small|Tokyo, Japan}}
1980 3rd IAKF World ChampionshipsGER}} {{small|Bremen, West Germany}}
1983 4th IAKF World ChampionshipsEGY}} {{small| Cairo, Egypt}}
1985 1st ShotoCupJPN}} {{small|Tokyo, Japan}}
1987 2nd ShotoCupAUS}} {{small|Brisbane, Australia}}
1990 3rd ShotoCupENG}} {{small|Sunderland, England}}
1992 4th ShotoCupJPN}} {{small|Tokyo, Japan}}
1994 5th ShotoCupUSA}} {{small|Philadelphia, USA}}
1996 6th ShotoCupJPN}} {{small|Ohsaka, Japan}}
1998 7th ShotoCupFRA}} {{small|Paris, France}}
2000 8th ShotoCupJPN}} {{small|Tokyo, Japan}}
2004 9th ShotoCupJPN}} {{small|Tokyo, Japan}}
2006 10th Funakoshi Gichin Cup World Karate-do ChampionshipAUS}} {{small|Sydney Olympic Park Sports Centre, Sydney, Australia}}
2009 11th Funakoshi Gichin Cup World Karate-do Championship CANCELLED[17] JPN}} {{small|Nihon Budo-kan, Tokyo, Japan}}
2011 12th Funakoshi Gichin Cup World Karate-do Championship THA}} {{small|Pattaya, Thailand}}
2014 13th Cup World Karate-do Championship JPN}} {{small|Nihon Budo-kan, Tokyo, Japan}}
201714th Funakoshi Gichin Cup Karate World ChampionshipIreland

Male Kumite

YearChampionRunner-Up3rd Place
1975[21]JPN}} Masahiko TanakaJPN}} Takashi OishiGBR}} Billy Higgins
1977[21]JPN}} Masahiko TanakaITA}} De MichelisGDR}} Willrodt
1980[21]JPN}} Toshihiro MoriYUG}}Dusan DacicGDR}} Hoffman
1983[21]JPN}} Hideo YamamotoITA}} GuazzaroniEGY}} Sarie
1985[21]JPN}} Minoru KawawadaJPN}} Masaaki YokomichiJPN}} Takayuki Tsuchii/{{flagicon|JPN}}Masao Kagawa
1987[21]JPN}} Tomio ImamuraGBR}} Frank BrennanGBR}} George Best/{{flagicon|ITA}}Marco Barone
1990[21]JPN}} Masao KagawaGBR}} Ronnie ChristopherBEL}} Fillipo Allata / {{flagicon|SWE}} Jensen
1992[21]JPN}} Tomio ImamuraGBR}} Frank BrennanJPN}} Kunio Kobayashi / {{flagicon|JPN}} Tatsuya Naka
1994[21]RSA}} Pavlo ProtopapaBEL}} Jeannot MuloloRSA}} Colin Smith / {{flagicon|JPN}} Katsutoshi Shiina
1996[21]CAN}} Don SharpJPN}} Toshihito KokubunJPN}} Kunio Kobayashi / {{flagicon|JPN}} Takuya Taniyama
1998[21]JPN}} Toshihito KokubunJPN}} Koji OgataSUI}} Pierre Toudjip / {{flagicon|BEL}} Jeannot Mulolo
2000[18]JPN}} Toshihito KokubunRSA}} Johan LaGrangeJPN}} Takuya Taniyama /{{flagicon|JPN}} Koji Ogata
2004[19]JPN}} Koji OgataSWE}} Miroslav FemicJPN}} Ohkuma Kouichiro / {{flagicon|RSA}} Johan LaGrange
2006[20]JPN}} Koji OgataBRA}} Chinzo MachidaJPN}} Nemoto Keisuke / {{flagicon|JPN}} Ohkuma Kouichiro
2011[21] JPN}} Rikiya IimuraJPN}}Koji ChubachiJPN}} Nemoto Keisuke / {{flagicon|RUS}} Andrey Mazurov
2014[22] JPN}} Koji ChubachiJPN}}Rikiya IimuraJPN}} Nemoto Keisuke / {{flagicon|THA}} Supa Ngamphuengphit
2017CHL}} Rodrigo Rojas JPN}} Okada YasunoriJPN}} Ueda Daisuke/{{flagicon|JPN}}Haga Yusuke

Male Kata

YearChampionRunner-Up3rd Place
1975[18]JPN}} Yoshiharu OsakaITA}} FugazzaGDR}} Strauff
1977[18]JPN}} Yoshiharu OsakaJPN}} Mikio YaharaITA}} Fugazza
1980[18]JPN}} Yoshiharu OsakaJPN}} Mikio YaharaGRE}} Karamitsos
1983[18]JPN}} Yoshiharu OsakaJPN}} Mikio YaharaEGY}} Saedd El Herem
1985[18]JPN}} Minoru KawawadaJPN}} Masao KagawaJPN}}Akira Fukami
1987[18]JPN}} Takenori ImuraJPN}} Masao KagawaJPN}} Okazaki Hiroyoshi
1990[18]JPN}} Tomoyuki AiharaGBR}} Frank BrennanJPN}} Masao Kagawa
1992[18]JPN}} Tomoyuki AiharaJPN}} Imura TakenoriJPN}} Yuji Hashiguchi
1994[18]JPN}} Imura TakenoriJPN}} Okazaki HiroyoshiJPN}} Tomoyuki Aihara
1996[18]JPN}} Imura TakenoriJPN}} Yuji HashiguchiJPN}} Tomoyuki Aihara
1998[18]JPN}} Yuji HashiguchiJPN}} Seizo IzumiyaJPN}} Takuya Taniyama
2000[18]JPN}} Takuya TaniyamaJPN}} Seizo IzumiyaJPN}} Katsutoshi Shiina
2004[19]JPN}} Katsutoshi ShiinaJPN}} Takuya TaniyamaJPN}} Kobayashi Kunio
2006[20]JPN}} Kurihara KazuakiJPN}} Kobayashi KunioJPN}} Saitoh Yuki
2011[21] JPN}} Kurihara KazuakiJPN}} Naoto MaruokaJPN}} Hideki Hukuhara
2014[22] JPN}} Kurihara HidemotoJPN}} Daisuke UedaJPN}} Kurihara Kazuaki
2017 JPN}} Kurihara KazuakiJPN}} Kurihara HidemotoJPN}} Hakizume Yushi

Female Kumite

YearChampionRunner-Up3rd Place
1975[18] NA NA NA
1977[18] NA NA NA
1980[18] NA NA NA
1983[18] NA NA NA
1985[18] NA NA NA
1987[18] NA NA NA
1990[18]JPN}} Yuko Hasama TBC TBC
1992[18]JPN}} Yukiko YonedaJPN}} Yoshimi NaokoJPN}} Sakurako Sasaki / {{flagicon|JPN}} Keiko Kono
1994[18]JPN}} Hiromi HasamaJPN}} Mayumi BabaJPN}} Kimiyo Nakamura / Daud Nilawati{{flagicon|INA}}
1996[18]JPN}} Hiromi HasamaJPN}} Mayumi BabaJPN}} Shoko Sakuragi / {{flagicon|JPN}} Yuko Okuda
1998[18]JPN}} Mayumi BabaGBR}} Caroline QuansumGBR}} Colette Glynn / {{flagicon|JPN}} Hiromi Hasama
2000[18]JPN}} Hiromi HasamaJPN}} Yuko OkudaRSA}} Christy Cauvin / {{flagicon|JPN}} Mayumi Baba
2004[19]JPN}} Okuie SatomiJPN}} Takahashi YukoYUG}} Tatjana Nikolic / {{flagicon|HUN}} Krisztina Zsigmond
2006[20]JPN}} Yuko TakahashiJPN}} Okuda YukoAUS}} Tracy Pearce / {{flagicon|AUS}} Storm Wheatley
2011[21] JPN}} Asumi IsidukaSWE}} Glusa AkdagRUS}} Sergeeva Alla / {{flagicon|VEN}} Josmaira Quiroz
2014[22] JPN}} Taguchi SatoshitamaJPN}} Mai ShiinaJPN}} Yuki Ito / {{flagicon|CZ}} Cifkova Petra

Female Kata

YearChampionRunner-Up3rd Place
1975[18] NA NA NA
1977[18]JPN}} Hiromi KawashimaJPN}} Keiki HayakawaUSA}} R Senior
1980[18]JPN}} Hiromi KawashimaJPN}} Hiroko MoriyaGDR}} Schweiber
1983[18]JPN}} Hiroko MoriyaJPN}} Yuko SakadaJPN}} Yoko Nakamura
1985[18]JPN}} Yoko NakamuraJPN}} Kikue YamamotoJPN}} Yurika Yoshida
1987[18]JPN}} Yuki MimuraJPN}} Yoko NakamuraJPN}} Hiroe Sekimori
1990[18]JPN}} Yuki MimuraJPN}} Yoko NakamuraJPN}} Maiko Asano
1992[18]JPN}} Yoko NakamuraJPN}} Miyo GunjiJPN}} Miwa Akiyama
1994[18]JPN}} Yoko NakamuraINA}} Ompi OmitaJPN}} Haruna Ikutake
1996[18]JPN}} Yoko NakamuraJPN}} Miyo GunjiJPN}} Nakata Terumi
1998[18]JPN}} Miyoko FujiwaraJPN}} Miyo GunjiRSA}} Karin Prinsloo
2000[18]JPN}} Nakata TerumiJPN}} Miyo GunjiJPN}} Chiharu Azuma
2004[19]JPN}} Nakata TerumiJPN}} Misako AragakiJPN}} Oshima Nozomi
2006[20]JPN}} Misako AragakiJPN}} Nozomi OshimaJPN}} Shirota Takaki
2011[21] JPN}} Nozomi OshimaJPN}} Miki NakamachiJPN}} Serino Fukasaku
2014[22] JPN}} Miki NakamachiJPN}} Takagi AyanoJPN}} Hikawa Nao
2017[22] JPN}} Ayano NakamuraJPN}} Yuna SatoJPN}} Rio Hayakawa
{{portal|Karate|Martial arts}}

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://franceshowakan.com/courWKF.jpg|format=JPG|title=World Karate Federation|publisher=Franceshowakan.com|accessdate=21 December 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214091704/http://franceshowakan.com/courWKF.jpg|archivedate=14 December 2014|df=}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TtwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA30&dq=1980+KARATE+wuko&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZeeUVIvpI42raev5gTg&ved=0CGAQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=1980%20KARATE%20wuko&f=false|title=Black Belt December 1986|publisher=Books.google.co.uk|accessdate=21 December 2014}}
3. ^1 2 3 {{cite book | last = Cook | first = Harry | title = Shotokan Karate: A Precise History | publisher = Cook | year = 2001 | location = England }}
4. ^Evans, Jon. The Battle for Olympic Karate Recognition Black Belt, Feb 1988 (retrieved January 10, 2008)
5. ^Evans, J. K. (1988): "The battle for Olympic Karate recognition: WUKO vs. IAKF." Black Belt, 26(2):54–58.
6. ^Noble, Graham. Master Funakoshi's Karate Dragon Times (retrieved on January 8th, 2008).
7. ^Hironishi, Genshin. The Darkest Moments of Karate-do Karate-do Shotokai Encyclopedia (retrieved January 10, 2008)
8. ^{{cite book | last = Nakayama | first = Masatoshi | title = Dynamic Karate | publisher = Kodansha International | year = 1997 | location = Japan }}
9. ^{{cite book | last = Nakayama | first = Masatoshi | title = Best Karate Vol 1 to Vol 11 | publisher = Kodansha International | year = 1997 | location = Japan }}
10. ^{{cite book | last = Nicol | first = Clive | author-link = C. W. Nicol | last2 = Kanazawa | first2 = Hirokazu | title = Moving Zen: One Man's Journey to the Heart of Karate (Bushido - The Way of the Warrior) | publisher = Kodansha International | year = 2001 | location = Tokyo & New York | isbn = 978-4-7700-2755-9}}
11. ^  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207095507/http://www.jka.or.jp/english/about/crisis.html |date=December 7, 2007 }}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jks.jp/16_english_top.html |title=菼AiJKSj |publisher=Jks.jp |accessdate=21 December 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204124704/http://www.jks.jp/16_english_top.html |archivedate= 4 February 2015 |df= }}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://jskajp.org|title=JSKA - Japan Shotokan Karate Association|publisher=Jskjp.org|accessdate=21 December 2014}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kwf.jp/eng/kwfkarate.html|title=- KWF - Karatenomichi World Federation|publisher=Kwf.jp|accessdate=21 December 2014}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://brightonkarate.co.uk/terry-oneill-interviews-dave-hazard-fighting-arts-interational-1988-issue-49/ |title=Terry O'Neil Interviews Dave Hazard |publisher=Fighting Arts International, Issue 49, 1988}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://karateca.net/component/option,com_smf/Itemid,27/topic,878.15/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120710005034/http://karateca.net/component/option,com_smf/Itemid,27/topic,878.15/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=10 July 2012 |title=CURSO DE INSTRUTORES DA JKA |publisher=Karateca.net |accessdate=21 December 2014 }}
17. ^  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222042514/http://www.jka.or.jp/english/news/2009_2_16.html |date=December 22, 2012 }}
18. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 {{cite web|title=JKA official website - Past International Tournaments|url=http://www.jka.or.jp/english/news/pdf/past_intrntnl.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Jka.or.jp|accessdate=21 December 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219103908/http://jka.or.jp/english/news/pdf/past_intrntnl.pdf|archivedate=19 December 2010|df=}}
19. ^1 2 3   {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301020311/http://www.jka.or.jp/english/news/shoto_9.html |date=March 1, 2014 }}
20. ^1 2 3   {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927231626/http://www.jka.or.jp/english/news/funakoshi_10.html |date=September 27, 2013 }}
21. ^1 2 3   {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112054849/http://www.jka.or.jp/english/news/funakoshi_12.html |date=January 12, 2012 }}
22. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.jka.or.jp/taikai/%E8%88%B9%E8%B6%8A%E7%BE%A9%E7%8F%8D%E6%9D%AF-%E7%AC%AC13%E5%9B%9E-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%A9%BA%E6%89%8B%E9%81%93%E9%81%B8%E6%89%8B%E6%A8%A9%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A-%E7%B5%90%E6%9E%9C.html|title=船越義珍杯 第13回 世界空手道選手権大会 結果|work=JKA 公益社団法人日本空手協会|accessdate=21 December 2014}}

External links

  • Official Site of JKA (In English)
  • Official Site of JKA (In Japanese)
{{World Karate Federation}}{{Sports governing bodies in Japan}}

6 : Sports organisations established in 1949|1949 establishments in Japan|Sports governing bodies in Japan|Karate organizations|Sport in Japan|Organizations based in Tokyo
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/11 17:13:53