| 词条 | Jim Garrison |
| 释义 |
| honorific-prefix = | name = Jim Garrison | honorific-suffix = | image = Jim_Garrison.jpg | imagesize = 150 | smallimage = | caption = | order = | office = District Attorney of Orleans Parish | term_start = 1962 | term_end = 1973 | predecessor = Richard Dowling | successor = Harry Connick Sr. | constituency = New Orleans, Louisiana |birth_name=Earling Carothers Garrison | birth_date = {{Birth date|1921|11|20}} | birth_place = Denison, Iowa | death_date = {{Death date and age|1992|10|21|1921|11|20}} | death_place = New Orleans, Louisiana | height = 6 ft 6 in | nationality = American | party = Democratic Party | spouse = Leah Elizabeth Ziegler[1] | relations = | children = Jasper Garrison, Snapper Garrison, Virginia Garrison, Elizabeth Garrison, Ebihart Garrison | residence = | alma_mater = Tulane University {{small|(LLB)}} | occupation = | profession = | religion = | signature = | website = | footnotes = }}{{Garrison JFK investigation}} James Carothers Garrison (born Earling Carothers Garrison; November 20, 1921 – October 21, 1992)[2] was the District Attorney of Orleans Parish, Louisiana, from 1962 to 1973. A member of the Democratic Party, he is best known for his investigations into the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. He was portrayed by Kevin Costner in Oliver Stone's JFK, while Garrison himself portrayed Earl Warren. Early life and careerEarling Carothers Garrison was born in Denison, Iowa.[3][4][5] He was the first child and only son of Earling R. Garrison and Jane Anne Robinson who divorced when he was two-years old.[2] His family moved to New Orleans in his childhood, where he was raised by his divorced mother. He served in the U.S. Army during World War II, having joined the year before the attacks on Pearl Harbor. After the war he obtained a law degree from Tulane University Law School in 1949. He then worked for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for two years. During the Korean War era Garrison joined the National Guard even applying for active duty, he was then relieved of duty, remaining in the Guard when it became apparent that he suffered from shell shock due to his numerous bombing missions flown during WWII. Leading one Army doctor to conclude that Garrison had a "severe and disabling psychoneurosis" which "interfered with his social and professional adjustment to a marked degree. He is considered totally incapacitated from the standpoint of military duty and moderately incapacitated in civilian adaptability."[6] Yet when his record was reviewed further by the U.S. Army Surgeon General, he "found him to be physically qualified for federal recognition in the national army."[7] District AttorneyGarrison worked for New Orleans law firm Deutsch, Kerrigan & Stiles from 1954 to 1958, when he became an assistant district attorney. Garrison became a flamboyant, colorful, well-known figure in New Orleans, but was initially unsuccessful in his run for public office, losing a 1959 election for criminal court judge. In 1961 he ran for district attorney, winning against incumbent Richard Dowling by 6,000 votes in a five-man Democratic primary. Despite lack of major political backing, his performance in a televised debate and last minute television commercials are credited with his victory. Once in office, Garrison cracked down on prostitution and the abuses of Bourbon Street bars and strip joints. He indicted Dowling and one of his assistants for criminal malfeasance, but the charges were dismissed for lack of evidence. Garrison did not appeal. Garrison received national attention for a series of vice raids in the French Quarter, staged sometimes on a nightly basis. Newspaper headlines in 1962 praised Garrison's efforts, "Quarter Crime Emergency Declared by Police, DA. – Garrison Back, Vows Vice Drive to Continue – 14 Arrested, 12 more nabbed in Vice Raids." Garrison's critics often point out that many of the arrests made by his office did not result in convictions, implying that he was in the habit of making arrests without evidence. However, assistant DA William Alford has said that charges would more often than not be reduced or dropped if a relative of someone charged gained Garrison's ear. Alford said Garrison had "a heart of gold."[8] After a conflict with local criminal judges over his budget, he accused them of racketeering and conspiring against him. The eight judges charged him with misdemeanor criminal defamation, and Garrison was convicted in January 1963. In 1964 the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the conviction and struck down the state statute as unconstitutional.[9] At the same time, Garrison indicted Judge Bernard Cocke with criminal malfeasance and, in two trials prosecuted by Garrison himself, Cocke was acquitted. Garrison charged nine policemen with brutality, but dropped the charges two weeks later. At a press conference he accused the state parole board of accepting bribes, but could obtain no indictments. Critical of the state legislature, Garrison was unanimously censured by it for "deliberately maligning all of the members".[10] In 1965, running for reelection against Judge Malcolm O'Hara, Garrison won with 60 percent of the vote. Kennedy assassination investigationAs New Orleans D.A., Garrison began an investigation into the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in late 1966, after receiving several tips from Jack Martin that a man named David Ferrie may have been involved in the assassination.[11] The end result of Garrison's investigation was the arrest and trial of New Orleans businessman Clay Shaw in 1969, with Shaw being unanimously acquitted less than one hour after the case went to the jury.[12][13][14] Garrison was able to subpoena the Zapruder film from Life magazine. Thus, members of the American public - i.e. the jurors of the case - were shown the movie for the first time. Until the trial, the film had rarely been seen, and bootleg copies were made by assassination investigators working with Garrison, which led to the film's wider distribution.[15] In 2015, Garrison's lead investigator's daughter released his copy of the film, along with a number of his personal papers from the investigation.[16] Garrison's key witness against Clay Shaw was Perry Russo, a 25-year-old insurance salesman from Baton Rouge, Louisiana. At the trial, Russo testified that he had attended a party at anti-Castro activist David Ferrie's apartment. At the party, Russo said that Lee Harvey Oswald (who Russo said was introduced to him as "Leon Oswald"), David Ferrie, and "Clem Bertrand" (who Russo identified in the courtroom as Clay Shaw) had discussed killing President Kennedy.[17] The conversation included plans for the "triangulation of crossfire" and alibis for the participants.[17] Russo's version of events has been questioned by some historians and researchers, such as Patricia Lambert, once it became known that part of his testimony might have been induced by hypnotism, and by the drug sodium pentothal (sometimes called "truth serum").[18] An early version of Russo's testimony (as told in Assistant D.A. Andrew Sciambra's memo, before Russo was subjected to sodium pentothal and hypnosis) fails to mention an "assassination party" and says that Russo met Clay Shaw on two occasions, neither of which occurred at the party.[19][20] However, in his book On the Trail of the Assassins, Garrison says that Russo had already discussed the party at Ferrie's apartment before any "truth serum" was administered.[21] Throughout his life Russo reiterated the same account of being present for a party at Ferrie's house where the subject of Kennedy's potential assassination had come up.[22][23] Jim Garrison defended his conduct regarding witness testimony, stating: Before we introduced the testimony of our witnesses, we made them undergo independent verifying tests, including polygraph examination, truth serum and hypnosis. We thought this would be hailed as an unprecedented step in jurisprudence; instead, the press turned around and hinted that we had drugged our witnesses or given them posthypnotic suggestions to testify falsely.[24] In January 1968, Garrison subpoenaed Kerry Wendell Thornley – an acquaintance of Oswald's from their days in the military – to appear before a grand jury, questioning him about his relationship with Oswald and his knowledge of other figures Garrison believed to be connected to the assassination.[25] Thornley sought a cancellation of this subpoena on which he had to appear before the Circuit Court.[26] Garrison charged Thornley with perjury after Thornley denied that he had been in contact with Oswald in any manner since 1959. The perjury charge was eventually dropped by Garrison's successor Harry Connick Sr. During Garrison's 1973 bribery trial, tape recordings from March 1971 revealed that Garrison considered publicly implicating former United States Air Force General and Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Charles Cabell of conspiracy in the assassination of Kennedy after learning he was the brother of Earle Cabell, the Dallas mayor in 1963.[27] Theorizing that a plot to kill the president was masterminded out of New Orleans in conjunction with the CIA with cooperation from the Dallas police department and city government, Garrison tasked his chief investigator, Pershing Gervais, of looking into the possibility that General Cabell had stayed in the city's Fontainebleau Motel at the time of the assassination.[27] The Washington Post reported that there was no evidence that Gervais ever followed through with the request and that there was no further mention of General Cabell in Garrison's investigation.[27] US talk radio host David Mendelsohn conducted a comprehensive interview with Jim Garrison which was broadcast in 1988 by KPFA in Berkeley, California. Alongside Garrison, the program featured the voices of Lee Harvey Oswald and JFK filmmaker Oliver Stone. Garrison explains that cover stories were circulated in an attempt to blame the killing on the Cubans and the Mafia but he blames the conspiracy to kill the president firmly on the CIA who wanted to continue the Cold War.[28] Later career and deathIn 1973, Garrison was tried and found not guilty by the jury for accepting bribes to protect illegal pinball machine operations. The prosecutor was Gerald J. Gallinghouse of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana, who was seeking to halt public corruption.[29] Pershing Gervais, Garrison's former chief investigator, testified that Garrison had received approximately $3,000 every two months for nine years from the dealers. Acting as his own defense attorney, Garrison called the allegations baseless and claimed that they were concocted as part of a U.S. government effort to destroy him because of Garrison's efforts to implicate the CIA in the Kennedy assassination. The jury found Garrison not guilty. In an interview conducted by New Orleans reporter Rosemary James with Pershing Gervais, James alleged Gervais had admitted to concocting the charges.[30] In the same year, Garrison was defeated for reelection as district attorney by Harry Connick Sr. On April 15, 1978, Garrison won a special election over a Republican candidate, Thomas F. Jordan, for Louisiana's 4th Circuit Court of Appeal judgeship, a position for which he was later reelected and which he held until his death.[31] In 1987, Garrison appeared as himself in the film The Big Easy, and was featured in The Men Who Killed Kennedy series, beginning in 1988. After the Shaw trial, Garrison wrote three books on the Kennedy assassination, A Heritage of Stone (1970), The Star Spangled Contract (1976, fiction, but based on the JFK assassination), and his best-seller, On the Trail of the Assassins (1988). A Heritage of Stone, published by Putnam, places responsibility for the assassination on the CIA and says the Warren Commission, the Executive Branch, members of the Dallas Police Department, the pathologists at Bethesda, and various others lied to the American public.[32] The book does not mention Shaw or Garrison's investigation of Shaw.[32] Garrison's investigation again received widespread attention through Oliver Stone's 1991 film, JFK,[33] which was largely based on Garrison's book as well as Jim Marrs' Crossfire: The Plot That Killed Kennedy.[34][35] Kevin Costner played a fictionalized version of Garrison in the movie. Garrison himself had a small on-screen role in the film, playing United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren. Garrison also appears live and comments on the Shaw Trial in the documentary The Jim Garrison Tapes, written and directed by actor John Barbour. Garrison died of cancer in 1992, survived by his five children.[36][37] He is interred at Metairie Cemetery in New Orleans.[38] LegacyPolitical analyst Carl Oglesby was quoted as saying, "... I have done a study of Garrison: I come out of it thinking that he is one of the really first-rate class-act heroes of this whole ugly story [the killing of John F. Kennedy and subsequent investigation], which suffers so badly for heroes."[39] Libertarian theorist Murray Rothbard stated that "Garrison, one of the most viciously smeared figures in modern political history, was simply a district attorney trying to do his job in the most important criminal case of our time."[40] Besides pro-Warren Commission writers like Gerald Posner, other pro-conspiracy writers criticized Garrison for being reckless.[41] However, several researchers, including Jim DiEugenio, publisher of KennedysandKing.com,[42] Gerry Campeau of JFKFacts.org, William Davy,[43] and Joan Mellen [44][45] have all defended Garrison. Jim Garrison has a song written about him by country musician Johnny Rebel about his work investigating the assassination of President John F Kennedy called "Keep Working Big Jim". Garrison came under contemporary criticism from writers including Sylvia Meagher, who in 1967 wrote: ... as the Garrison investigation continued to unfold, it gave cause for increasingly serious misgivings about the validity of his evidence, the credibility of his witnesses, and the scrupulousness of his methods. The fact that many critics of the Warren Report have remained passionate advocates of the Garrison investigation, even condoning tactics which they might not condone on the part of others, is a matter of regret and disappointment.[46] According to Clay Shaw's defense team, witnesses, including Perry Russo, claimed to have been bribed and threatened with perjury and contempt of court charges by Garrison in order to make his case against Shaw.[47] However, in a later interview with public radio, Perry Russo stated: Well the truth of the matter was that Garrison was very sincere. Well, [NBC News reporter and ex FBI Agent] Walter Sheridan tells me and threatens me that he's gonna take Garrison out and take me with him. ... And he says [if] you do that [revoke his testimony] we won't go after you.[22] Partial filmography
References1. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/22/obituaries/jim-garrison-70-theorist-on-kennedy-death-dies.html Jim Garrison obituary] accessed 5/27/2015 2. ^1 {{cite book |last=Lambert |first=Patricia |date=2000 |title=False Witness: The Real Story of Jim Garrison's Investigation and Oliver Stone's Film JFK |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0rFb31qDAIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage |location=New York |publisher=M Evans and Company, Inc. |page=11 |isbn=9781461732396 |access-date= }} 3. ^"Jim Garrison", Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2003. 4. ^"Jim Garrison", The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, Volume 3: 1991–1993. Charles Scribner's Sons, 2001. 5. ^"Jim Garrison", Newsmakers 1993, Issue 4. Gale Research, 1993. 6. ^Associated Press, "Garrison Record Shows Disability", December 29, 1967. Warren Rogers, "The Persecution of Clay Shaw", Look, August 26, 1969, page 54. 7. ^{{cite book| author = Jordan Publishing|author2=William Davy| title = Let Justice Be Done: New Light on the Jim Garrison Investigation| url = https://books.google.com/?id=anQBAAAACAAJ| date = May 1999| isbn = 978-0-9669716-0-6| page = 82 }} 8. ^{{cite book| author = Joan Mellen| title = A farewell to justice: Jim Garrison, JFK's assassination, and the case that should have changed history| url = https://books.google.com/?id=scug_gAfL-wC| date = October 19, 2005| publisher = Potomac Books Inc| isbn = 978-1-57488-973-4| page = 11 }} 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6463657344879720774&q=garrison&as_sdt=2,33|title=Garrison v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 64 (1964)|publisher=}} 10. ^{{cite news|title=Assassination Probe Conspiracy Being Kept Secret|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8Ac0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=-_cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7346%2C967297|accessdate=May 26, 2013|newspaper=Spokane Daily Chronicle|date=February 20, 1967|agency=AP|location=Spokane, Washington|page=2}} 11. ^David Ferrie, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, pp. 112–13. 12. ^Clay Shaw Interview, Penthouse, November 1969, pp. 34–35. 13. ^Clay Shaw Trial Transcripts, February 28, 1969, p. 47. 14. ^"Andrew 'Moo Moo' Sciambra, who worked on Jim Garrison investigation of JFK assassination, dies at age 75", July 28, 2010 by John Pope, The Times-Picayune 15. ^{{cite book| author = James H. Fetzer| title = Assassination science: experts speak out on the death of JFK| url = https://books.google.com/?id=-87tAAAAMAAJ| year = 1998| publisher = Open Court Pub Co| isbn = 978-0-8126-9365-2| page = 268 }} 16. ^{{Cite web|title = JFK assassination truthers will love this auction|url = https://nypost.com/2015/11/19/jfk-conspiracy-theorists-eye-auction-featuring-assasination-trial-items/|website = New York Post|date = 2015-11-20|accessdate = 2015-11-23|first = Richard|last = Morgan}} 17. ^1 Testimony of Perry Raymond Russo, State of Louisiana vs. Clay L. Shaw, February 10, 1969. 18. ^{{cite web |year=2007 |url = http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/hypnosis.htm|title = Perry Raymond Russo's Hypnosis: Making Testimony More Objective?|publisher = mcadams| accessdate = December 18, 2007 | last= |quote=}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/russo2.txt |title=The Sciambra Memo |accessdate=September 17, 2010}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/willing.htm |title=Perry Raymond Russo: Way Too Willing Witness |publisher=Mcadams.posc.mu.edu |accessdate=September 17, 2010}} 21. ^{{cite book| author = Jim Garrison| title = On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy| url = https://books.google.com/?id=vtt3AAAAMAAJ| date = November 1988| publisher = Sheridan Square Pubns| isbn = 978-0-941781-02-2| page = 151 }} 22. ^1 The Lighthouse Report, "The Last Testament of Perry Raymond Russo" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205032009/http://www.redshift.com/~damason/lhreport/articles/perry.html |date=February 5, 2008 }}, Will Robinson, October 10, 1992. 23. ^{{YouTube|49y3JlHWsFM|The JFK Assassination: The Jim Garrison Tapes}}, John Barbour, 1992. 24. ^Jim Garrison Interview, Playboy magazine, Eric Norden, October 1967. 25. ^{{cite news |title=Writer Not Sure Oswald Assassin |author= |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YtUzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sukFAAAAIBAJ&pg=706,1957487 |newspaper=The Miami News |date= Jan 10, 1968 |accessdate=18 March 2013}} 26. ^{{cite news |title=Writer Seeks Cancellation Of Subpoena |author= |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cHJQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=oloDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2407,6423840 |newspaper=St. Petersburg Times |date= Jan 20, 1968 |accessdate=18 March 2013}} 27. ^1 2 {{cite news |last=Kelso |authorlink=Iris Kelso |first=Iris |date=September 16, 1973 |title=Garrison Planned To Link General To JFK Slaying |url=http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/G%20Disk/Garrison%20Jim/Garrison%20Jim%20Criminal%20Trial%201973/Item%20127.pdf |work=The Washington Post |location=Washington, D.C. |page=E 10 |access-date=June 21, 2017}} 28. ^Guns and Butter http://www.kpfa.org/archive/id/86549 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014094324/http://www.kpfa.org/archive/id/86549 |date=October 14, 2013 }} 29. ^{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=110&dat=19771004&id=qB8vAAAAIBAJ&sjid=y9wFAAAAIBAJ&pg=7289,404315 |title=Bill Crider, "This U.S. Attorney defies patronage system – He stays", October 4, 1977|publisher=news.google.com|accessdate=June 29, 2013}} 30. ^"Pershing Gervais and the Attempt to Frame Jim Garrison" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830040130/http://karws.gso.uri.edu/JFK/the_critics/Whitmey/Gervais.html |date=August 30, 2008 }}, Peter R. Whitmey, The Fourth Decade, vol. 1, 4, May 1994, pp. 3–7. 31. ^ {{dead link|date=September 2010}} 32. ^1 {{cite news |last=Leonard |first=John |author-link=John Leonard (critic) |date=December 8, 1970 |title=The Story of Garrison Vs. Shaw |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1915&dat=19701208&id=KSIiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fHQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=848,1369994 |newspaper=The Day |volume=90 |issue=134 |location=New London, Connecticut |page=22 |access-date=August 24, 2015}} 33. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.signature-reads.com/2016/09/truth-tailor-snowden-and-10-of-oliver-stones-strongest-adaptations/ |title=On Truth: ‘Snowden’ and Oliver Stone’s 10 Strongest Adaptations |first=Jay A. |last=Fernandez |date=13 September 2016 |access-date=26 January 2019 |work=Signature Reads |publisher=Penguin Random House}} 34. ^{{cite news |last=Fisher |first=Bob |title=The Whys and Hows of JFK |magazine=American Cinematographer |date=February 1992 |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1P3-1254069351/the-whys-and-hows-of-jfk |access-date=26 January 2019 |via=Questia.com}} 35. ^{{cite book |last=Riordan |first=James |date=September 1996 |title=Stone: A Biography of Oliver Stone |location=New York |publisher=Aurum Press |isbn=1-85410-444-6 |page=351}} 36. ^{{cite news |last=Lambert |first=Bruce |date=October 22, 1992 |title=Jim Garrison, 70, Theorist on Kennedy Death, Dies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/22/obituaries/jim-garrison-70-theorist-on-kennedy-death-dies.html |newspaper=The New York Times |location=New York |accessdate=December 9, 2014}} 37. ^"Epitaph For Jim Garrison: Romancing the Assassination" The New Yorker 30 November 1992 Retrieved January 12, 2012 38. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.mausoleums.com/portfolio/brunswig-mausoleum/|title=Brunswig Mausoleum - Classic Mausoleum Images and Information|publisher=}} 39. ^Interview with Carl Oglesby. JFK: The Question of Conspiracy, Documentary. Dir. & Writ. Danny Schechter, Dir. Barbara Kopple (Regency Enterprises, Le Studio Canal, & Alcor Films: A Global Vision Picture, 1992) 40. ^{{cite web|url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard147.html|title=If the Warren Commission Was on the Up and Up - LewRockwell LewRockwell.com|publisher=}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/buffs_on_jim.htm |title=Garrison and JFK Conspiracy Writers |publisher=Mcadams.posc.mu.edu |accessdate=September 17, 2010}} 42. ^{{cite web |title= JFK, Jim Garrison, and the American Media: John Barbour Garrison Film Interview| url =https://ourhiddenhistory.org/entry/jfk-jim-garrison-and-the-american-media-john-barbour-interviewed-by-james-dieugenio |date=August 2018}}/ 43. ^{{cite book| author = Jordan Publishing|author2=William Davy| title = Let Justice Be Done: New Light on the Jim Garrison Investigation| url = https://books.google.com/?id=anQBAAAACAAJ| date = May 1999| isbn = 978-0-9669716-0-6 }} 44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.joanmellen.net |title=Joan Mellen website |publisher=Joanmellen.net |date=November 16, 2005 |accessdate=September 20, 2011}} 45. ^{{cite book| author = Joan Mellen| title = A farewell to justice: Jim Garrison, JFK's assassination, and the case that should have changed history| url = https://books.google.com/?id=scug_gAfL-wC| date = October 19, 2005| publisher = Potomac Books Inc| isbn = 978-1-57488-973-4 }} 46. ^{{cite book| author = Sylvia Meagher| title = Accessories After the Fact: The Warren Commission, the Authorities, and the Report| url = https://books.google.com/?id=ATtJAAAACAAJ| date = April 7, 1992| publisher = Vintage Books| isbn = 978-0-679-74315-6| pages = 456–457 }} 47. ^Gerald Posner, Case Closed, p. 441. 48. ^ form. Seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotesfor a discussion of different citation methods and how to generatefootnotes using the: , Further reading
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21 : 1921 births|1992 deaths|People from Denison, Iowa|American military personnel of World War II|American non-fiction writers|District attorneys in Louisiana|Louisiana state court judges|People associated with the assassination of John F. Kennedy|Researchers of the assassination of John F. Kennedy|Louisiana lawyers|Louisiana Democrats|Politicians from New Orleans|Tulane University alumni|Tulane University Law School alumni|Burials at Metairie Cemetery|Deaths from cancer in Louisiana|John F. Kennedy conspiracy theorists|Lawyers from New Orleans|20th-century American lawyers|20th-century American writers|Conspiracy theories regarding the assassination of John F. Kennedy |
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