词条 | Ashikaga Yoshimasa |
释义 |
BiographyYoshimasa was the son of the sixth shōgun Ashikaga Yoshinori. His childhood name was Miharu (三春).[2] His official wife was Hino Tomiko. On August 16, 1443 (Kakitsu 3, 21st day of the 7th month), 10-year-old shōgun Yoshikatsu died of injuries sustained in a fall from a horse. He had been shōgun for only three years. Immediately, the bakufu elevated Yoshinari, the young shōgun's even younger brother, to be the new shōgun.[3] Several years after becoming shōgun, Yoshinari changed his name to Yoshimasa, by which he is better known.[4] Family
Shogunal successionSignificant events which shaped the period during which Yoshimasa was shōgun:
Events leading up to civil warA number of decisions lead eventually to armed conflict:
Ōnin War{{main|Ōnin War}}By 1464, Yoshimasa had no heir, so he adopted his younger brother, Ashikaga Yoshimi, in order to avoid any conflicts which might arise at the end of his shogunate. However, in the next year, Yoshimasa was surprised by the birth of a son, Ashikaga Yoshihisa. The infant's birth created a conflict between the two brothers over who would follow Yoshimasa as shōgun. Yoshimasa's wife, Hino Tomiko, attempted to get Yamana Sōzen to support the infant's claim to the shogunate.[7] By 1467 the simmering dispute had evolved, encouraging a split amongst the powerful daimyōs and clan factions. The armed conflict which ensued has come to be known as the Ōnin War.[8] This armed contest marks the beginning of the Sengoku period of Japanese history, a troubled period of constant military clashes which lasted over a century. A number of developments affect the unfolding Ōnin War's battles:
In the midst of on-going hostilities, Yoshimasa retired in 1473. He relinquished the position of Sei-i Taishōgun to his young son who became the ninth shōgun Ashikaga Yoshihisa; but effectively, Yoshimasa continued to hold the reins of power. With the leaders of the two warring factions dead and with the ostensible succession dispute resolved, the rationale for continuing to fight faded away. The exhausted armies dissolved and by 1477 open warfare ended.
Yoshimasa's heirsWhen Yoshimasa declared that Yoshihisa would be the next shōgun after he stepped down from that responsibility, he anticipated that his son would out-live him. When shōgun Yoshihisa died prematurely, Yoshimasa reassumed the power and responsibility he had wanted to lay aside. Shōgun Yoshimasa adopted the son of his brother, Yoshimi. In 1489, shōgun Yoshitane was installed; and Yoshimasa retired again. Before Yoshimasa died in 1490, he again adopted a nephew as heir, this time the son of his brother, Masatomo. Although Yoshitane did outlive Yoshimasa, his shogunate would prove short-lived. Yoshitane died in 1493.[9] Also, before he married Hino Tomiko, sister of Hino Katsumitsu, he had a concubine, Lady Oima, who was 8 months pregnant when Tomiko pushed her from the stairs which resulted in a miscarriage. Shōgun Yoshimasa was succeeded by shōgun Yoshihisa (Yoshimasa's natural son), then by shōgun Yoshitane (Yoshimasa's first adopted son), and then by shōgun Yoshizumi (Yoshimasa's second adopted son). Yoshizumi's progeny would directly succeed him as head of the shogunate. In the future, power struggles from outside the clan would also lead to a brief period in which the great-grandson of Yoshitane would be installed as a puppet leader of the Ashikaga shogunate.[9] Higashiyama cultureDuring Yoshimasa's reign Japan saw the growth of the Higashiyama culture (Higashiyama bunka),[10] famous for tea ceremony (Sadō), flower arrangement (Kadō or Ikebana), Noh drama, and Indian ink painting. Higashiyama culture was greatly influenced by Zen Buddhism and saw the rise of Japanese aesthetics like Wabi-sabi and the harmonization of imperial court (Kuge) and samurai (Bushi) culture. In the history of this Higashiyama bunka period, a few specific dates are noteworthy:
Eras of Yoshimasa's bakufuThe years in which Yoshimasa was shōgun are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.[16]
Notes1. ^"Ashikaga Yoshimasa" in The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 625. 2. ^Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 342.|page=342}} 3. ^Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|p. 342|page=342}}; Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822, p. 234 n.10; n.b., Yoshikatsu (b. 1434 – d. 1443) = 8yrs. In this period, "children were considered one year old at birth and became two the following New Year's Day; and all people advanced a year that day, not on their actual birthday." 4. ^Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|p. 346.|page=346}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Ackroyd, Joyce. (1982) Lessons from History: The Tokushi Yoron, p. 331. 6. ^In the name "Ōnin War", the noun "Ōnin" refers to the nengō (Japanese era name) after "Bunshō" and before "Bunmei". In other words, the Ōnin war occurred during the Ōnin era, which was a time period spanning the years from 1467 through 1469. Although the fighting continued long after, the conflict came to be identified with the nengō in which it began. 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8&stype=0&dtype=0&dname=0ss&p=%E6%97%A5%E9%87%8E%E5%AF%8C%E5%AD%90 |title=Hino Tomiko |work=Daijirin |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804061906/http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8 |archivedate=2009-08-04 }} 8. ^{{Cite book |last=Sansom |first=George |title=A History of Japan, 1334–1615 |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1961 |ISBN=0804705259 |pages=217–229}} 9. ^1 Ackroyd, p. 298. 10. ^"Higashiyama Bunka" (東山文化), JAANUS: Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System. 11. ^Ponsonby-Fane. (1962). Studies in Shinto and Shrines, p. 452. 12. ^Yamasa: Gikaku-ji. 13. ^"Protecting Ginkaku-ji, the Beauty of Wabi-sabi; Reluctance to Black Lacquering the Outer Wall", Kyoto Shimbun. January 23, 2008. 14. ^Keene, Donald. (2003). {{Google books|xtPsa5zI8jcC|Yoshimasa and the Silver Pavilion, p. 87.|page=87}} 15. ^Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|p. 361.|page=361}} 16. ^Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|pp. 331–361.|page=331}} References
| before = Ashikaga Yoshikatsu | title = Shōgun: Ashikaga Yoshimasa | years = 1449–1473 | after = Ashikaga Yoshihisa }}{{s-end}}{{Ashikaga dynasty (Japan)}}{{Ashikaga chronology (Japan)}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashikaga, Yoshimasa}} 14 : Ashikaga shōguns|1435 births|1490 deaths|15th-century shōguns|People of Muromachi-period Japan|Japanese tea masters|Ashikaga clan|1440s in Japan|1450s in Japan|1460s in Japan|1470s in Japan|1480s in Japan|15th-century Japanese people|15th-century monarchs in Asia |
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