| 词条 | Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend |
| 释义 |
|honorific-prefix = The Right Honourable |name = The Viscount Townshend |honorific-suffix = KG PC FRS |image = Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend by Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt (2).jpg |image_size = |caption = Charles, Viscount Townshend, after Kneller c. 1715–20. Dressed in Garter robes (National Portrait Gallery) |office1 = Lord President of the Council |monarch1 = George I |term_start1 = 11 June 1720 |term_end1 = 25 June 1721 |predecessor1 = The Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull |successor1 = The Lord Carleton |birth_name = |birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1674|04|18}} |birth_place = Raynham Hall, Norfolk, Kingdom of England |death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1738|06|21|1674|04|18}} |death_place = Raynham Hall, Norfolk, England, Kingdom of Great Britain |residence = |nationality = English |locality = |other_names = |wars_and_battles = |offices = |networth = |known_for =inventing the 4 crop rotation method |years_active = |parents = Horatio Townshend (father) |signature = |footnotes = |misc = }} Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend, {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KG|PC|FRS}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|aʊ|n|z|ən|d}}; 18 April 1674{{snd}}21 June 1738) was an English Whig statesman. He served for a decade as Secretary of State for the Northern Department, 1714–1717, 1721–1730. He directed British foreign policy in close collaboration with his brother-in-law, prime minister Robert Walpole. He was often known as Turnip Townshend because of his strong interest in farming turnips and his role in the British Agricultural Revolution. Early lifeTownshend was the eldest son of Sir Horatio Townshend, 3rd Baronet, who was created Baron Townshend in 1661 and Viscount Townshend in 1682. The old Norfolk family of Townshend, to which he belonged, is descended from Sir Roger Townshend (d. 1493) of Raynham, who acted as legal advisor to the Paston family, and was made a justice of the common pleas in 1484. His descendant, another Sir Roger Townshend Townshend. Born at Raynham Hall, Norfolk, Townshend succeeded to the peerages in December 1687, and was educated at Eton College and King's College, Cambridge.[1] He had Tory sympathies when he took his seat in the House of Lords, but his views changed, and he began to take an active part in politics as a Whig. For a few years after the accession of Queen Anne he remained without office, but in November 1708 he was appointed Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard, having in the previous year been summoned to the Privy Council. He was ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to the States-General from 1709 to 1711, taking part during these years in the negotiations which preceded the conclusion of the Treaty of Utrecht. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in April 1706.[2] Secretary of State and other posts{{Further|Timeline of British diplomatic history#1700–1789}}After his recall to England he was busily occupied in attacking the proceedings of the new Tory ministry. Townshend quickly won the favour of George I, and in September 1714, the new king selected him as Secretary of State for the Northern Department. The policy of Townshend and his colleagues, after they had crushed the Jacobite rising of 1715, both at home and abroad, was one of peace. The secretary disliked the interference of Britain in the war between Sweden and Denmark, and he promoted the conclusion of defensive alliances between Britain and the emperor and Britain and France. In spite of these successes the influence of the Whigs was gradually undermined by the intrigues of Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland, and by the discontent of the Hanoverian favourites. In October 1716, Townshend's colleague, James Stanhope afterwards 1st Earl Stanhope, accompanied the king on his visit to Hanover, and while there he was seduced from his allegiance to his fellow ministers by Sunderland, George being led to believe that Townshend and his brother-in-law, Sir Robert Walpole, were caballing with the Prince of Wales, their intention being that the prince should supplant his father on the throne. Consequently, in December 1716 the secretary was dismissed and was made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, but he only retained this post until the following April. Early in 1720 a partial reconciliation took place between the parties of Stanhope and Townshend, and in June of this year the latter became Lord President of the Council, a post which he held until February 1721, when, after the death of Stanhope and the forced retirement of Sunderland, a result of the South Sea Bubble, he was again appointed secretary of state for the northern department, with Walpole as First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer. The two remained in power during the remainder of the reign of George I the chief domestic events of the time being the impeachment of Bishop Atterbury, the pardon and partial restoration of Lord Bolingbroke, and the troubles in Ireland caused by the patent permitting Wood to coin halfpence. Townshend secured the dismissal of his rival, Lord Carteret, afterwards Earl Granville, but soon differences arose between himself and Walpole, and he had some difficulty in steering a course through the troubled sea of European politics. Although disliking him, George II retained him in office, but the predominance in the ministry passed gradually but surely from him to Walpole. Townshend could not brook this. So long, to use Walpole's witty remark, as the firm was Townshend and Walpole all went well with it, but when the positions were reversed jealousies arose between the partners. Serious differences of opinion concerning the policy to be adopted towards Austria and in foreign politics generally led to a final rupture in 1730. Failing, owing to Walpole's interference, in his efforts to procure the dismissal of a colleague and his replacement by a personal friend, Townshend retired on 15 May 1730. His departure removed the final obstacle to the conclusion of an Anglo-Austrian Alliance which would become the centrepiece of British foreign policy until 1756. According to historians Linda Frey and Marsha Frey: Townshend was undoubtedly capable, determined, and hard-working, but in achieving his goals he sometimes appeared blunt, abrasive, stubborn, impatient, and overbearing. In contrast to many of his contemporaries whose venality was legendary he was scrupulously honest. He was generous to both friend and foe. He was also a passionate man who loved and hated quickly and rarely changed his mind once an opinion had been formed....Historians have often underrated Townshend's accomplishments in part because his rival Walpole outmanoeuvred and outlasted him.[4] "Turnip" TownshendHis remaining years were passed at Raynham, where he interested himself in agriculture. He died at Raynham on 21 June 1738. He promoted adoption of the Norfolk four-course system, involving rotation of turnips, barley, clover, and wheat crops. He was an enthusiastic advocate of growing turnips as a field crop, for livestock feed.[5] As a result of his promotion of turnip-growing and his agricultural experiments at Raynham, he became known as "Turnip Townshend". (Alexander Pope mentions "Townshend's turnips" in Imitations of Horace, Epistle II.) Townshend is often mentioned, together with Jethro Tull, Robert Bakewell, and others, as a major figure in England's "Agricultural Revolution", contributing to adoption of agricultural practices that led to the increase in Britain's population between 1700 and 1850.[5][6] FamilyTownshend was twice married—first to Elizabeth Pelham (d. 1711), daughter of Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham of Laughton and his first wife Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Jones of Ramsbury Manor. Children of Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend of Raynham and Hon. Elizabeth Pelham
Secondly, he was married to Dorothy Walpole (1686–1726), sister of Sir Robert Walpole, who is said to haunt Raynham as the Brown Lady of Raynham Hall. Children of Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend of Raynham and Dorothy Townshend
He had nine sons, one of them died at a young age. The eldest son, Charles, the 3rd viscount (1700–1764), was called to the House of Lords in 1723. The second son, Thomas Townshend (1701–1780), was member of parliament for the University of Cambridge from 1727 to 1774; his only son, Thomas Townshend (1733–1800), who was created Baron Sydney in 1783 and Viscount Sydney in 1789, was a secretary of state and Leader of the House of Commons from July 1782 to April 1783, and from December 1783 to June 1789 again a secretary of state, Sydney in New South Wales being named after him; his grandson, John Robert Townshend (1805–1890), the 3rd viscount, was created Earl Sydney in 1874, the titles becoming extinct at his death. Charles Townshend's eldest son by his second wife was George Townshend (1715–1769), who after serving for many years in the navy, became an admiral in 1765. The younger son Edward (1719–1765) became Dean of Norwich The third viscount had two sons, George, 1st Marquess Townshend, and Charles Townshend. Townsend was the maternal grandfather of Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis. See also
References1. ^{{acad|id=TWNT691C|name=Townshend, Charles}} This cites:2. ^{{cite web | url= http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=1&dsqSearch=%28Surname%3D%27townshend%27%29|title = Library and Archive Catalogue|publisher = Royal Society | accessdate = 29 October 2010}} 3. ^National Portrait Gallery description of NPG 1363 4. ^Linda Frey and Marsha Frey. "Townshend, Charles, second Viscount Townshend (1674–1738)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004 5. ^1 Prothero, R. E. (Lord Ernle). (Sir A. D. Hall, ed.) 1936. [https://archive.org/details/cu31924074276464 English farming, past and present]. 5th Ed. 6. ^Overton, M. 1996. The Agricultural revolution in England, the transformation of the agrarian economy 1500–1850, Cambridge University Press. 7. ^http://thepeerage.com/p2534.htm#i25338 8. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=iw0XzrlUZJ8C&pg=PA584 Atherton, Ian (ed.) Norwich Cathedral: Church, City, and Diocese, 1096–1996] p. 584 (Accessed 3 April 2013) 9. ^http://thepeerage.com/p19820.htm 10. ^http://thepeerage.com/p19798.htm#i197979
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|-{{s-ttl|title=Baron Townshend (descended by acceleration)|creation=1st creation|years=1687–1723}}{{s-end}}{{Walpole/Townshend ministry}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2012}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Townshend, Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount}} 19 : 1674 births|1738 deaths|17th-century English nobility|18th-century English nobility|People from Raynham, Norfolk|Alumni of King's College, Cambridge|Secretaries of State for the Northern Department|Diplomatic peers|Knights of the Garter|Lord-Lieutenants of Norfolk|Lord Presidents of the Council|British agriculturalists|People educated at Eton College|Townshend family|Fellows of the Royal Society|Ambassadors of Great Britain to France|Ambassadors of Great Britain to the Netherlands|Viscounts Townshend|Lords Lieutenant of Ireland |
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