| 词条 | Hammersmith nude murders |
| 释义 |
The Hammersmith nude murders were a series of murders in London, England, in 1964 and 1965.[1] The victims, all prostitutes, were found undressed in or near the River Thames, leading the press to nickname the killer Jack the Stripper (a reference to "Jack the Ripper").[2][3] Two earlier murders, committed in 1959 and 1963, have also been linked by some investigators to the same perpetrator.[3]{{sfn|Newton|2006|page=135}}{{sfn|Moore|2013|page=105}} Despite "intense media interest and one of the biggest manhunts in Scotland Yard's history" the case is unsolved.[3][6] All forensic evidence gathered at the time is believed to have been destroyed or lost. {{citation needed|reason=date September 2017|date=September 2017}} VictimsElizabeth Figg{{Infobox person|name = Elizabeth Figg |image = |caption = |other_names = Ann Phillips{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=13}} |birth_date = {{Birth date|1938|3|24|df=y}}{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=8}} |birth_place = Bebington, Cheshire, England |death_date = {{Death date and age|1959|6|17|1938|3|24|df=y}} |death_place = London, England |occupation = Prostitute |death_cause = Asphyxiation due to manual strangulation |body_discovered = Duke's Meadows, Chiswick }} Figg was found dead at 5:10{{nbsp}}am on 17 June 1959 by police officers[7] on routine patrol in Duke's Meadows, Chiswick, on the north bank of the River Thames.{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=4}}[4] The park had a reputation as a lovers' lane, and prostitutes were known to take their clients there.{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=3}} Figg's body was found on scrubland between Dan Mason Drive and the river's towpath, approximately {{convert|200|yd|m}} west of Barnes Bridge.{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=4}} Her dress was torn at the waist and opened to reveal her breasts;{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=4}}[5] marks around the neck were consistent with strangulation.{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=4}}{{sfn|McConnell|1975|page=35}} Figg's underwear and shoes were missing, and no identification or personal possessions were found.{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=26}} A pathologist concluded that death had occurred between midnight and 2:00{{nbsp}}a.m. on 17 June.{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=4}}{{sfn|McConnell|1975|page=36}} A post-mortem photograph of Figg's face distributed to the press was independently recognized by her flatmate and her mother.{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=7}}{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=18}}[6] Extensive searches of the area{{snd}}including the river bed{{snd}}failed to find Figg's underwear, black stiletto shoes, or white handbag.{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=26}} A police official theorized that she had been murdered by a client in his car, after removing her shoes and underwear, and that these and her handbag had then remained in the car after the body was disposed of at Duke's Meadows.{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=26}}{{sfn|McConnell|1975|page=43}}[7] The proprietor of a pub on the opposite side of the river to where Figg was found said that on the night of the murder he and his wife had seen a car's headlights as it parked in that area at 12:05{{nbsp}}a.m. Shortly after the lights were switched off, they heard a woman's scream.{{sfn|McConnell|1975|page=36}} Gwynneth Rees{{Infobox person|name = Gwynneth Rees |image = |caption = |other_names = Georgette Rees, Tina Smart, Tina Dawson |birth_date = {{Birth date|1941|8|6|df=y}}{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=38}} |birth_place = Barry, Wales |death_date = 1963 (aged 22) |disappeared_date = 29 September 1963{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=63}} |death_place = London, England |occupation = Prostitute |death_cause = Unknown |body_discovered = Townmead Road, Mortlake }} The body of Gwynneth Rees was found on 8 November 1963 at the Barnes Borough Council household refuse disposal site on Townmead Road, Mortlake.[8]{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|p=35}} The dump was situated {{convert|40|yd|m}} from the Thames towpath, and approximately {{convert|1|mi|km}} from Duke's Meadows.{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|p=35}} Rees was naked except for a single stocking on her right leg, extending no further up than the ankle.{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|p=36}}{{sfn|McConnell|1975|p=45}} She had been decapitated by a shovel workmen had been using to level the refuse.{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|p=36}} Hannah Tailford{{Infobox person|name = Hannah Tailford |image = |caption = |other_names = Hannah Lynch, Anne Tailer, Anne Taylor{{sfn|McConnell|1975|page=84}} |birth_date = {{Birth date|1933|8|19|df=y}}{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=94}} |birth_place = Heddon-on-the-Wall, Northumberland, England |death_date = 1964 (aged 30) |death_place = London, England |occupation = Prostitute |death_cause = Drowning |body_discovered = Upper Mall, Hammersmith }} Tailford was found dead on 2 February 1964[9] on the Thames foreshore below Linden House{{snd}}the clubhouse of the London Corinthian Sailing Club{{snd}}west of Hammersmith Bridge.{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=94}}{{sfn|Moore|2013|p=108}} She had been strangled, several of her teeth were missing,[10] and her underwear had been forced down her throat.[9] Irene Lockwood{{Infobox person|name = Irene Charlotte Lockwood |image = |caption = |other_names = Sandra Russell, Sandra Lockwood |birth_date = {{Birth date|1938|9|29|df=y}}{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=129}} |birth_place = Walkeringham, Nottinghamshire, England |death_date = {{Death date and age|1964|4|8|1938|9|29|df=y}} |death_place = London, England |occupation = Prostitute |death_cause = Drowning |body_discovered = Duke's Meadow, Chiswick }} Lockwood was found dead on 8 April 1964 on the foreshore of the Thames[6] at Corney Reach, Chiswick, not far from where Tailford had been found. With the discovery of this third victim, police realized that a serial murderer was at large.{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=136}}{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=129}}[11] Lockwood was pregnant at the time of her death.{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=129}} Helen Barthelemy{{Infobox person|name = Helen Catherine Barthelemy |image = Helen Barthelemy.png |caption = |other_names = |birth_date = {{Birth date|1941|6|9|df=y}}{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=185}} |birth_place = Ormiston, East Lothian, Scotland |death_date = {{Death date and age|1964|4|24|1941|6|9|df=y}} |death_place = London, England |occupation = Prostitute |death_cause = Asphyxiation by strangulation |body_discovered = Boston Manor Road, Brentford }} East Lothian-born Barthelemy was found dead on 24 April 1964[9] in an alleyway at the rear of 199 Boston Manor Road, Brentford.{{sfn|Kirby|2016}}[12] Barthelemy's death gave investigators their first solid piece of evidence in the case: flecks of paint[9] used in car manufacturing. Police felt that the paint had probably come from the killer's workplace; they therefore focused on tracing it to a business nearby. Mary Fleming{{Infobox person|name = Mary Fleming |image = |caption = |other_names = |birth_date = {{Birth date|1933|9|16|df=y}}{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=199}} |birth_place = Clydebank, Scotland |disappeared_date = 11 July 1964 |death_date = 1964 (aged 30) |death_place = London, England |occupation = Prostitute |death_cause = Asphyxiation by strangulation |body_discovered = Berrymede Road, Chiswick }} Fleming's body was found on 14 July 1964[9] outside 48 Berrymede Road, Chiswick.{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=204}} Once again, paint spots were found on the body;[9] many neighbours had also heard a car reversing down the street just before the body was discovered.[10] Frances Brown{{Infobox person|name = Frances Brown |image = |caption = |other_names = Margaret McGowan, Frances Quinn, Anne Sutherland, Donna Sutherland, Susan Edwards, Nuala Rowlands, |birth_date = {{Birth date|1943|1|3|df=y}}{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=219}} |birth_place = Glasgow, Scotland |death_date = 1964 (aged 21) |death_place = London, England |occupation = Prostitute |death_cause = Asphyxiation by strangulation |body_discovered = Hornton Street, Kensington }} Brown was last seen alive on 23 October 1964 by a colleague who saw her get into a client's car; on 25 November her body was found in a car park on Hornton Street, Kensington.[9] She had been strangled.[13] The colleague was able to provide police with an identikit picture and a description of the car, thought to be a grey Ford Zephyr.{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=241}}[9] Brown had testified as a witness for the defence, along with Christine Keeler and Mandy Rice-Davies, at the trial of Stephen Ward in July 1963.{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=218}}{{sfn|Thompson|2012}}[14][9] Bridget O'Hara{{Infobox person|name = Bridget O'Hara |image = |caption = |other_names = Bridie O'Hara |birth_date = {{Birth date|1937|3|2|df=y}}{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=297}} |birth_place = Dublin, Ireland |disappeared_date = 11 January 1965 |death_date = 1965 (aged 27) |death_place = London, England |occupation = Prostitute |death_cause = Asphyxiation{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=305}} |body_discovered = Heron Trading Estate, Acton }} Irish immigrant Bridget "Bridie" O'Hara was found dead on 16 February 1965 near a storage shed behind the Heron Trading Estate, Acton.{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=296}}[9] She had been missing since 11 January. Once again, O'Hara's body turned up flecks of industrial paint which were traced to an electrical transformer near where she was discovered. Her body also showed signs of having been stored in a warm environment.[15] The transformer was a good fit for both the paint and the heating.[16] InvestigationChief Superintendent John Du Rose of Scotland Yard, the detective put in charge of the case,[17][18] interviewed almost 7,000 suspects.[16] In the spring of 1965, the investigation into the murders encountered a major breakthrough when a sample of paint which perfectly matched that recovered from several victims' bodies was found beneath a concealed transformer at the rear of a building on the Heron Factory Estate in Acton. This factory estate faced a paint spraying shop. Shortly thereafter, Du Rose held a news conference in which he falsely announced that the police had narrowed the suspect pool down to 20 men and that, by a process of elimination, these suspects were being eliminated from the investigation. After a short time, he announced that the suspect pool contained only 10 members, and then three.[19] There were no further known Stripper killings following the initial news conference.[17] According to the writer Anthony Summers, Hannah Tailford and Frances Brown, the Stripper's third and seventh victims, were peripherally connected to the 1963 Profumo Affair. Some victims were also known to engage in the underground party scene in addition to appearing in pornographic movies. Several writers have postulated that the victims may have known each other, and that the killer may have been connected to this scene as well.[20] SuspectsKenneth ArchibaldOn 27 April 1964, Kenneth Archibald, a 57-year-old caretaker at the Holland Park Lawn Tennis Club, walked into Notting Hill police station and voluntarily confessed to the killing of Irene Lockwood.[21][10] Archibald was charged with the murder and stood trial at the Old Bailey in June 1964. When asked to plead, he retracted his confession and pleaded not guilty. There was no other evidence to link him to the crime and on 23 June 1964, he was found not guilty by a jury and acquitted by the judge, Mr. Justice Neild.[22][23] Mungo IrelandFor Du Rose, the most likely suspect was a Scottish security guard called Mungo Ireland, whom Du Rose first identified in a BBC television interview in 1970 as a respectable married man in his forties whom he codenamed "Big John".[24] Ireland had apparently been identified as a suspect shortly after Bridget O'Hara's murder, when flecks of industrial paint were traced to the Heron Trading Estate, where he had worked as a security guard.[25] Shortly after this connection was made, Ireland committed suicide[25] by carbon monoxide poisoning, leaving a note for his wife that read: "I can't stick it any longer", and finished, "To save you and the police looking for me I'll be in the garage". Whilst seen by many as a strong suspect in the killings, recent research suggests that Ireland was in Scotland when O'Hara was murdered, and therefore could not have been the Stripper.[26] Freddie MillsIn 2001, reformed gangster Jimmy Tippett, Jr. said that, during research for his book about London's gangland, he had uncovered information suggesting that British light heavyweight boxing champion Freddie Mills was responsible for the murders.[27] Tippett said: "I have spoken to famous figures in the underworld and senior police officers in Scotland Yard, and I am convinced Freddie Mills was the killer. Contrary to his public image, Mills was a sexually warped sadist who enjoyed inflicting pain".[28] According to Tippett, Kray-era gangsters, including Charlie Richardson and Frankie Fraser, had long suspected Mills of being the murderer.[48] Mills had previously been linked with the murders by Peter Neale, a freelance journalist from Balham, south London, who told police in July 1972 that he had received information, in confidence, from a serving chief inspector that Mills "killed the nude prostitutes". He also said that this was "common knowledge in the West End. Many people would say, 'Oh, Freddie did them in...'"{{sfn|Seabrook|2007|page=289}} Mills was found shot dead in his car,[25] apparently by suicide, in July 1965.[29] The suggestion that Freddie was the Hammersmith nudes murderer originates with gangster Frankie Fraser, who told it to policeman Bob Berry, who told The Sun crime reporter Michael Litchfield.[30] Fraser claimed that the story was confessed by Freddie Mills, to Scotland Yard Chief Superintendent John Du Rose, and told by Du Rose to him; but when Du Rose published his autobiography which touched on the 'Hammersmith Nude Murders', there was no mention of Freddie Mills with regard to this case. Peter McInnes [31] put the allegations to the investigating officer, who stated that Freddie Mills had never been a suspect during the investigation. Metropolitan Police officerDavid Seabrook, in his book Jack of Jumps (2006), wrote that a former Metropolitan Police detective was a suspect in the opinion of several senior detectives investigating the case. Owen Summers, a journalist for The Sun newspaper, had previously raised suspicion about the unnamed officer's involvement in a series of articles published by the newspaper in 1972, and Daily Mirror journalist Brian McConnell followed a similar line of inquiry in his book Found Naked and Dead in 1974. He was also considered by Dick Kirby, a former Metropolitan Police detective, in his book Laid Bare: The Nude Murders and the Hunt for 'Jack the Stripper (2016), in which Kirby referred to him only as "the Cop".Tommy ButlerIn their book The Survivor (2002), Jimmy Evans and Martin Short allege the culprit was Superintendent Tommy Butler of the Metropolitan Police's Flying Squad. Butler died in 1970. Harold JonesThe Crime & Investigation channel's Fred Dinenage: Murder Casebook put forward the theory that the killer could have been Harold Jones, a convicted murderer from Wales. Jones killed two girls in 1921 in the Welsh town of Abertillery. Because he was 15 at the time, he was not liable for the death penalty, instead receiving a life sentence. He was released 20 years later for exemplary behaviour. In 1941, at the age of 35, after being released from Wandsworth prison, he is believed to have returned to Abertillery, and visited the graves of his early victims. By 1947, Jones was living in Fulham, London. All the Stripper murders had similar features to his early murders: no sexual assault, but extreme violence was inflicted on the victims. Due to poor record-keeping, he was never considered as a possible suspect by the police. The writer Neil Milkins, in Who was Jack the Stripper? (2011), also concluded that Jones was the perpetrator.[25] While researching Jones for his book Every Mother's Nightmare,[25] Milkins had traced the murderer's movements: "[H]e turned up in Fulham in the late 1940s calling himself Harry Stevens, and stayed at that address in Hestercombe Avenue until 1962, at which point he disappeared again. I came across the Jack the Stripper case on the internet and realised that in the same three years Jones' whereabouts remained unknown - 1962 to 1965 - a number of prostitutes had been murdered in the same west London area."[32] Jones died in Hammersmith in 1971.[32] In the mediaThe murders have been the subject of several television documentaries:
In fictionThe crime novel Goodbye Piccadilly, Farewell Leicester Square (1969), written by Arthur La Bern, is loosely based on the case. The book was adapted for the Alfred Hitchcock movie Frenzy (1972).{{sfn|Cooper|2016|p=132}} The case also inspired The Fiend (1972), in which a misogynistic serial killer leaves his naked victims across London.{{sfn|Cooper|2016|p=132}} The crime novel Bad Penny Blues (2009) by Cathi Unsworth is closely based on the case.[35] See also
ReferencesCitations1. ^{{cite news|title=Retro: The mystery of the Jack the Stripper murders|first=James|last=Gates|date=12 March 2012|work=Get West London|url=http://www.getwestlondon.co.uk/lifestyle/nostalgia/retro-mystery-jack-stripper-murders-5978691|accessdate=4 January 2017}} Bibliography2. ^{{cite news|title=Crime: Mark Sanderson on the seductively seamy side of 1960S london|first=Mark|last=Sanderson|work=The Sunday Telegraph|location=London|date=17 September 2006|accessdate=4 January 2017|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A151494043/STND?sid=wikipedia|subscription=yes|via=InfoTrac}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=A gruesome echo of the Suffolk horror|work=The Times|location=London|date=16 December 2006|page=19|first=Graham|last=Stewart|issue=68885}} 4. ^{{cite news|title=Murdered Woman Identified|work=The Times|location=London|date=19 June 1959|page=12|issue=54491}} 5. ^{{cite news|title=Woman Found Dead Near Towpath|work=The Times|location=London|date=18 June 1959|page=10|issue=54490}} 6. ^{{cite news|work=The Star|location=London|date=18 June 1959|title=Murdered Girl: Yard Issue Picture|page=1}} 7. ^{{cite news|title=Murder Verdict|work=The Times|location=London|date=14 August 1959|page=6|issue=54539}} 8. ^{{cite news|title=Girl's Body On Dump Identified|work=The Times|location=London|date=27 November 1963|page=8|issue=55869}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite web|title=The Nude Murders: Jack the Stripper{{!}}MurderMap - London Homicide Reported Direct from The Old Bailey|url=http://www.murdermap.co.uk/pages/cases/case.asp?CID=597117303|website=Murdermap|accessdate=6 April 2018}} 10. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|last1=Hewitt|first1=Les|title=Jack the Stripper|url=https://www.historicmysteries.com/jack-the-stripper/|website=Historic Mysteries|accessdate=6 April 2018|date=7 May 2015}} 11. ^{{cite news|title=Police Believe Nude Was Murdered|work=The Times|location=London|date=10 April 1964|page=15|issue=55982}} 12. ^{{cite news|title=Naked Woman Dead In Alley|work=The Times|location=London|date=25 April 1964|page=8|issue=55995}} 13. ^{{cite news|title=No Real Suspect In Nude Death|work=The Times|location=London|date=25 February 1965|page=6|issue=56255}} 14. ^{{cite news|title=Nude Victim Was Ward Trial Witness|work=The Times|location=London|date=27 November 1964|page=6|issue=56180}} 15. ^{{harvnb|Murder Casebook|1990|p=1183}} 16. ^1 {{harvnb|Murder Casebook|1990|p=1186}} 17. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Russell|first1=Steve|title=Can we finally unmask serial killer 'Jack'?|url=http://www.eadt.co.uk/ea-life/can-we-finally-unmask-serial-killer-jack-1-4712842|website=East Anglian Daily Times|accessdate=6 April 2018|language=en|date=27 September 2016}} 18. ^{{cite web|last1=Russell|first1=Steve|title=Can we finally unmask serial killer 'Jack'?|url=http://www.eadt.co.uk/ea-life/can-we-finally-unmask-serial-killer-jack-1-4712842|website=East Anglian Daily Times|accessdate=6 April 2018|language=en}} 19. ^{{harvnb|Murder Casebook|1990|pp=1183–1184}} 20. ^{{cite news|url=http://chiswickherald.co.uk/the-serial-killer-that-visited-chiswick-p1233-95.htm|title=The serial killer that visited Chiswick|access-date=30 June 2017|newspaper=Chiswick Herald|date=16 October 2015}} 21. ^{{cite news|title=Caretaker Remanded On Murder Charge|work=The Times|location=London|date=2 May 1964|page=6|issue=56001}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/unsolved/jack_the_stripper/12.html |title=Jack the Stripper: "I killed her"|first=Johnny|last=Sharp|work=truTV |year=2007 |accessdate=3 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601032633/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/unsolved/jack_the_stripper/5.html|archivedate=1 June 2008}} 23. ^{{cite news|title=Caretaker Acquitted On Murder Charge|work=The Times|location=London|date=24 June 1964|page=8|issue=56046}} 24. ^{{cite news|title=Nudes case man dead|work=The Times|location=London|date=3 April 1970|page=4|issue=57834}} 25. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|title=Author 'solves' Hammersmith Nudes murder riddle|url=https://www.getwestlondon.co.uk/news/local-news/author-solves-hammersmith-nudes-murder-5991798|website=Get West London|accessdate=6 April 2018|date=10 November 2010}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/unsolved/jack_the_stripper/12.html |title=Jack the Stripper: "He framed a dead man"|first=Johnny|last=Sharp|work=truTV |year=2007 |accessdate=3 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601032607/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/unsolved/jack_the_stripper/12.html|archivedate=1 June 2008}} 27. ^{{cite news|first=Tony |last=Thompson|url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,587298,00.html |title=Boxing hero Freddie Mills 'murdered eight women' |work=The Observer|location=London |date= 4 November 2001|accessdate=3 January 2017}} 28. ^{{cite news|work=The Mail on Sunday|location=London|title=Seven Women Dead and a City in Fear: Was a British Boxing Hero a Serial Sex Killer?|date=18 November 2001|last=O'Kelly|first=Sebastian|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-80146917/seven-womwn-dead-and-a-city-in-fear-was-a-british|subscription=yes|via=Questia}} 29. ^{{cite news|title=How boxing champion was driven to suicide by threat from Krays|first=Tony|last=Thompson|work=The Observer|location=London|date=11 July 2004|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/jul/11/books.crimebooks|accessdate=4 January 2017}} 30. ^{{harvnb|Litchfield|Oldfield|2017}} 31. ^{{harvnb|McInnes|1995}} 32. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Is Valleys Murderer Jack the Stripper? Welsh Author Finds Link with Grisly Hammersmith Deaths|work=Wales On Sunday|location=Cardiff|date=10 August 2008|first=Nathan|last=Bevan|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-182565557.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829202240/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-182565557.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=29 August 2017|via=HighBeam Research|subscription=yes|accessdate=4 January 2017}} 33. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.tcbmediarights.com/screeners/dark_son.html|title=TCB Media Rights|website=www.tcbmediarights.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-26}} 34. ^{{Cite news|url=https://robinjarossi.com/blog/final-day-shooting-on-dark-son/|title=Final day shooting on Dark Son - Robin Jarossi|date=2018-09-02|work=Robin Jarossi|access-date=2018-09-26|language=en-GB}} 35. ^{{cite news|url=http://metro.co.uk/2009/12/03/books-interview-cathi-unsworth-talks-about-bad-penny-blues-619141/|title=Cathi Unsworth's Notting Hill blues|date=3 December 2009|work=Metro|location=London|accessdate=3 January 2017}}
External links
12 : 1964 in England|1964 in London|1965 in England|1965 in London|20th-century criminals|Murder in London|Unidentified serial killers|Unsolved murders in the United Kingdom|Violence against sex workers in the United Kingdom|1960s murders in the United Kingdom|1964 murders in Europe|1965 murders in Europe |
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