| 词条 | Cree syllabics | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
HistoryCree syllabics were developed by James Evans, a missionary in what is now Manitoba, during the 1830s for the Ojibwe language. Evans had originally adapted the Latin script to Ojibwe (see Evans system), but after learning of the success of the Cherokee syllabary, he experimented with invented scripts based on his familiarity with shorthand and Devanagari.[3] When Evans later worked with the closely related Cree, and ran into trouble with the Latin alphabet, he turned to his Ojibwe project and in 1840 adapted it to the Cree language.[2] The result contained just nine glyph shapes, each of which stood for a syllable with the vowels determined by the orientations of these shapes. With the 1841 publication of a syllabics hymnbook, the new script spread quickly. The Cree valued it because it could be learned in just a few hours, and was visually distinctive from the Latin script of the colonial languages.[1] Virtually all Cree became literate in the new syllabary within a few years. Evans taught by writing on birchbark with soot, and he became known as "the man who made birchbark talk".[4] StructureCanadian Aboriginal syllabics are unique among abugida scripts in that the orientation of a symbol, rather than modifications of its shape or diacritic marks, determines the vowel of a syllable. Each basic shape corresponds to a specific consonant sound; this is flipped or rotated to denote the accompanying vowel.[5] Like the Latin alphabet, syllabics are written from left to right, with each new line of writing directly under the previous one.
VariantsThe syllabary continues in use for dialects of Cree west of the Manitoba–Ontario border as Western Cree syllabics. John Horden{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} introduced modifications in the 1850s in the James Bay area.[2] These were standardized in 1865 to form Eastern Cree syllabics, used today for many eastern dialects of Cree, Naskapi, and Ojibwe, though Cree dialects of eastern Quebec use the Latin alphabet. The two versions differ primarily in the way they indicate syllable-final consonants, in how they mark the semi-vowel /w/, and in how they reflect the phonological differences between Cree dialects.[1] There are more minor local differences in orthography, shapes of the characters, writing styles, and punctuation, with some writers using dots or spaces between words, and others not indicating word separation.[1] Modern usageThough used for manuscripts, letters, and personal records since the 19th century, the need for special type long restricted printed syllabics to missionary publications. However, with the development of syllabic typewriters and, later, word processors, control of the script passed to native speakers, and it is now used for schoolbooks, periodicals, and official documents.[1] See also
Cree books written in syllabics
In: Paleográfiai kalandozások. Szentendre, 1995. {{ISBN|963-450-922-3}} References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book | first=John | last=Nichols | chapter=The Cree Syllabary | editor=Peter Daniels | title=The World's Writing Systems | year=1996 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=New York | pages=599–611}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite book | first=George | last=Campbell | title=Compendium of the World's Languages, 2nd ed. | year=1991 | publisher= | location= | pages=422–428}} 3. ^[{{Cite web|title = Plains Cree History| url = http://www.sicc.sk.ca/plains-cree_overview_history.html}} 4. ^Mona Baker, Kirsten Malmkjær (2001:364) Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies 5. ^{{Cite web|title = Online Cree Dictionary, Cree Language Resource Project, Maskwacis Plains Cree, Saskatchewan Cree, Woods Cree|url = http://www.creedictionary.com/syllabics/maskwacis.php|website = www.creedictionary.com|accessdate = 2015-12-06}} Further reading
External links{{commons category|Canadian Aboriginal syllabics}}
3 : Cree language|Canadian Aboriginal syllabics|1840 introductions |
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