| 词条 | Jon Tester |
| 释义 |
|name = Jon Tester |image = JonTester.jpg |jr/sr = United States Senator |state = Montana |alongside = Steve Daines |term_start = January 3, 2007 |term_end = |predecessor = Conrad Burns |successor = |office1 = Ranking Member of the Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee |term_start1 = January 3, 2017 |term_end1 = |predecessor1 = Richard Blumenthal |successor1 = |office2 = Chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee |leader2 = Harry Reid |term_start2 = January 3, 2015 |term_end2 = January 3, 2017 |predecessor2 = Michael Bennet |successor2 = Chris Van Hollen |office3 = Chair of the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs |term_start3 = February 12, 2014 |term_end3 = January 3, 2015 |predecessor3 = Maria Cantwell |successor3 = John Barrasso |office4 = President of the Montana Senate |deputy4 = Dan Harrington |term_start4 = January 3, 2005 |term_end4 = January 3, 2007 |predecessor4 = Bob Keenan |successor4 = Mike Cooney |state_senate5 = Montana |district5 = 15th |term_start5 = January 3, 2005 |term_end5 = January 3, 2007 |predecessor5 = |successor5 = Jim Peterson |state_senate6 = Montana |district6 = 45th |term_start6 = January 4, 1999 |term_end6 = January 3, 2005 |successor6 = Jim Shockley |birth_name = Raymond Jon Tester |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|8|21}} |birth_place = Havre, Montana, U.S. |death_date = |death_place = |party = Democratic |spouse = Sharla Bitz |education = University of Great Falls (BA) |website = {{url|https://tester.senate.gov|Senate website}} }} Raymond Jon Tester[1] (born August 21, 1956) is an American politician serving as the senior United States Senator from Montana, a seat he was first elected to in 2006. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Tester was first elected to the Senate in 2006, defeating Republican incumbent Conrad Burns in one of the closest Senate races of that year. He narrowly won reelection in 2012 against U.S. Representative Denny Rehberg, and in 2018 against Montana State Auditor Matt Rosendale. Tester was previously the president of the Montana Senate and worked as a music teacher and farmer. He became Montana's senior senator in 2014 following Max Baucus's departure.[2] Early life, education, and farming careerTester was born in Havre, Montana,[3] one of three sons of Helen Marie (née Pearson) and David O. Tester. His father was of English descent and his mother was of Swedish ancestry.[4] Tester grew up in Chouteau County, near the town of Big Sandy, Montana, on land that his grandfather homesteaded in 1912.[5] At the age of 9, he lost the middle three fingers of his left hand in a meat-grinder accident.[6] In 1978, he graduated from the University of Providence, then the College of Great Falls, with a B.A. in music.[7] Tester then worked for two years as a music teacher in the Big Sandy School District before returning to his family's farm and custom butcher shop.[8] He and his wife continue to operate the farm; in the 1980s, they switched from conventional to organic farming.[9][7] Tester spent five years as chairman of the Big Sandy School Board of Trustees and was also on the Big Sandy Soil Conservation Service (SCS) Committee and the Chouteau County Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service (ASCS) Committee.[10] Montana Senate (1999–2007)ElectionsTester was first elected to represent the 45th district in the Montana Senate in 1998, after his neighbor, a Republican State Senator, decided not to run for reelection.[10] Before running for State Senate, Tester served on the Big Sandy school board for a decade.[11] He was elected the minority whip for the 2001 session. In 2002, he was reelected with 71% of the vote,[12] and he became minority leader in 2003. In 2004 he moved to the 15th district as a "holdover" because of redistricting. In 2005, Tester was elected president of the Montana Senate, the chief presiding officer of the Montana Legislature's upper chamber.[10] TenureHis election as President marked a transition for Montana Democrats as they moved into the majority leadership of the Senate for the first time in more than a decade. Term limits prohibited Tester from running for State Senate for a third consecutive term.[13] Tester cited a prescription drug benefit program, reinstatement of the "Made in Montana" promotion program, a law to encourage renewable energy development, and his involvement with a bill that led to an historic increase in public school funding as accomplishments while in office.[14] Committee assignments
U.S. Senate (2007–present)Elections
Tester announced his candidacy in May 2005 for the U.S. Senate seat held by Republican incumbent Senator Conrad Burns. Tester was the second Democrat to jump into the race, after state auditor John Morrison. While Tester was seen as having a greater following among his fellow legislators,[21] his opponent, whose grandfather was governor of Nebraska, was able to raise significantly more money and had greater statewide name recognition. Morrison had collected $1.05 million as of the start of 2006, including $409,241 in the last three months of 2005,[22] but "Morrison's advantages in fundraising and name identification [did] not translate into a lead in the polls,"[23] most of which showed the race as being exceedingly tight, some calling it a "deadlock" as of late May.[24] In June 2006, Tester won the Democratic nomination by more than 25 percentage points in a six-way primary.[25] Tester was described as having "gained momentum in closing weeks of the campaign through an extensive grass-roots effort."[25] In the November 2006 election, Tester defeated Burns, receiving 198,302 votes (49%) to Burns's 195,455 (48%).[26] The race was so close that Tester's victory was confirmed only the day after the election.[27]
Tester successfully ran for reelection to a second term against Republican U.S. Congressman Denny Rehberg.[28] Tester's race was seen as a pivotal one for both parties seeking the Senate majority. Tester split with Democrats on several key issues, such as the Keystone XL oil pipeline, but also voted with his party on issues such as health care reform and the Dodd–Frank financial services overhaul.[29] When announcing his candidacy, Rehberg called Tester a "yes man" for President Obama, saying that he sided with the administration in 97% of his votes. Rehberg cited Tester's support for the healthcare legislation and the 2009 stimulus, both of which Rehberg opposed. Tester said that he stood by his votes on both, saying that the healthcare legislation contained "a lot of good stuff". The Los Angeles Times noted that Tester diverged from his party on matters such as gun rights and illegal immigration.[30]
Tester successfully ran for a third term against Republican Montana State Auditor Matt Rosendale, eventually winning a high-turnout election by over 15,000 votes and crossing the 50 percent threshold in vote totals for the first time in three senate elections.[31] President Donald Trump made a particular effort to unseat Tester, traveling to Montana four times over the preceding months; despite some increase in Republican turnout in the state, Tester secured victory with increased turnout in Democratic-leaning areas of the state, strong support from Native Americans and women, increased support among independent voters, and 67 percent of the youth vote.[32] TenureDuring a 2006 Billings press conference, the Tester campaign released a statement from Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, D-Nev., pledging to give Tester a coveted seat on the Appropriations Committee "as soon as possible," regardless of whether Democrats wrested control of the Senate from Republicans.[33] On January 13, 2009, during Tester's second session of Congress, he was given a seat on the Appropriations Committee.[34] In 2013, Tester became chairman of the Banking Committee's Securities, Insurance, and Investment Subcommittee.[35] In September 2013, he announced opposition to the appointment of Larry Summers as chairman of the Federal Reserve; lacking a committee majority, Summers then withdrew his name from consideration.[36] Committee assignments
Political positionsTester presents himself as a moderate Democrat.[37] In an interview with Rachel Maddow, he described himself as a moderate.[38] A New York Times profile of Tester after his 2006 election described him as "truly your grandfather's Democrat—a pro-gun, anti-big-business prairie pragmatist whose life is defined by the treeless patch of hard Montana dirt that has been in the family since 1916."[39] In 2012, USA Today noted that Tester had sometimes "split with Democrats — most recently in his support of construction of the Keystone XL oil pipeline from Canada to the Gulf Coast — but he has voted with Obama on the most critical issues of his presidency: the stimulus, the health care legislation and the Dodd-Frank financial services overhaul."[40] Five ThirtyEight, which tracks votes in Congress, found that Tester voted with Trump's position about 34.8% of the time as of March 2019.[41] CQ Roll Call reported that Tester voted with Trump's position approximately half of the time in 2017 and 2018.[42] Interest group ratingsTester is often considered a moderate or centrist Democrat.[43][44] According to GovTrack, he is the Senate's fourth most moderate Democrat, to the right of most of his Democratic colleagues and even Republican Senator Susan Collins.[45] Tester has generally received high ratings from liberal groups and low scores from conservative groups. In 2012, he was given a 90% rating by Americans for Democratic Action and 86% by the League of Conservation Voters. Conversely, he received scores of 11% from the National Taxpayers Union and 4% from the American Conservative Union. The nonpartisan National Journal rated his votes overall as 55% liberal and 45% conservative.[46] In 2013, National Journal gave him a score of 51% on "Liberal on Economic Policy" and 48% on "Conservative on Economic Policy." In 2015-16, the conservative Center for Security Policy gave him a 13% rating.[47] CrowdPac, which rates politicians based on donations they receive and give, gave Tester a score of 5.3L, with 10L being the most liberal and 10C the most conservative.[48] LGBT rightsOn December 18, 2010, Tester voted in favor of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010.[49] While he opposed same-sex marriage during both his 2006 and 2012 campaigns, Tester announced his support for it in March 2013, citing concerns about federal government overreach.[50] After the Obergefell v. Hodges ruling mandating that all U.S. states recognize gay marriage, Tester praised the ruling as protecting gays' "rights and freedoms."[51] Abortion and embryonic stem cell researchHe supports abortion rights[52] and embryonic stem cell research.[53] Economy and jobsOn Meet the Press in 2006, he asserted that "there's no more middle class" because of Bush administration policies.[54] In 2011, Tester was one of two Democratic senators to filibuster the American Jobs Act. It was reported that he wasn't concerned about the surtax on some families to pay for the plan, but was unsure that the new spending would actually create jobs. "I've got more of a concern about a state aid package...and how the money is going to be spent and whether it’s really going to create jobs," he explained.[55] In January 2018, Tester was the only Democratic senator from a Republican-leaning state to oppose a stopgap funding measure to end a three-day government shutdown and reopen the federal government.[56][57] In 2018, Tester became one of the few Democrats in the Senate supporting a bill that would relax "key banking regulations". As one of at least 11 other Democrats, he argued that the bill would "right-size post-crisis rules imposed on small and regional lenders and help make it easier for them to provide credit". Chuck Schumer and Elizabeth Warren vehemently oppose the legislation.[58] Tester became the first Democrat endorsed by Friends of Traditional Banking, a political action committee that had previously endorsed Republicans.[59] ImmigrationIn December 2010, Tester voted against the DREAM Act, which would have created a pathway to citizenship for the foreign-born children of illegal immigrants. He has said, "Illegal immigration is a critical problem facing our country, but amnesty is not the solution. I do not support legislation that provides a path for citizenship for anyone in this country illegally."[60][61] In 2017, he criticized President Trump for saying that he would cancel DACA in six months. "I don't support what the president did," Tester said. "I think it's ill-informed, I think it rips families apart, and it's not what this country stands for." Asked if he would now commit to voting for the DREAM Act, he said, "I support comprehensive immigration reform."[62] Health careTester supported the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare, voting for it in December 2009.[63] He voted for the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010.[64] In 2017, he said that Democrats should consider a single-payer health care system.[65] In July that year, Tester said that health care needed reform but that the latest GOP attempt at reform was a "train wreck" that would "strip health care away from millions of Americans." He said that Democrats should "work to fix what's wrong with the current health care system in a bipartisan way. And that means going through committee process, not doing it in a dark room with a select few, but going through the committee process and getting good ideas from everybody." Reminded that some Democrats "believe that compromise on this issue is not only unprincipled but unnecessary," Tester said the issue was "too important...not to try to help remedy the problems."[66] Supreme Court votesTester voted to confirm Supreme Court nominees Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan. He refused, however, to support Trump's nomination of Neil Gorsuch, writing that "Judge Gorsuch is a smart man but that doesn’t make him right for a lifetime appointment to the Supreme Court." He explained that he could not "support a nominee who refuses to answer important questions," and said he feared that under Gorsuch "dark money [would] continue to drown out the voices and votes of citizens, the Court [would] stand between women and their doctors, and the government [would] reach into the private lives of law-abiding Americans." He criticized Gorsuch's rulings in Sebelius v. Hobby Lobby, in which Gorsuch "ruled that a corporation can have religious beliefs just like people," and in Riddle v. Hickenlooper, which showed that "Gorsuch believes campaign contributions deserve First Amendment protections." He feared that a Justice Gorsuch "would threaten our access to a doctor and endanger the Constitutional rights of law-abiding citizens" and charged that while Gorsuch "is good on the Second Amendment, his views on the Fourth Amendment — guaranteeing the right to privacy — should be concerning to everyone."[67][68] Citizens United Supreme Court rulingTester opposed the Supreme Court's Citizens United ruling. The ruling allowed corporations and unions to donate unlimited amounts of money to third-party political groups. He proposed a constitutional amendment to reverse the decision, and argued that the ruling had a bad impact on American democracy.[69] EnvironmentTester promoted the use of carbon-capture and sequestration technology to cleanly exploit Montana's coal reserves.[70] In May 2011, a Newsweek reporter who traveled with Tester in Montana said that the "desire to wrest control of wolves from D.C....was the only topic that came up everywhere he went: hotels, coffee shops, art auctions. 'What do you think about wolves?' a sixth grader asked during an assembly in Miles City. 'I think we should start hunting them again!' Tester said. The kids let out their loudest cheer of the afternoon."[77] Tester tried to revive a bill that was meant to be a compromise between the conservationists and the timber industry. The bill would put 700,000 acres of wilderness aside for "light-on-the-land logging projects" with the intention of creating jobs in the flagging industry. It was noted that Tester was not "winning admirers on his side", with some liberal environmentalists saying that gives lumber mills control of the national forests.[71][72] GunsTester is a gun owner.[73] On gun rights, the National Rifle Association has given him an A- rating,[74] but another group,[75] Gun Owners of America, has given Tester a rating of F.[76] Tester supports efforts to loosen restrictions on gun exports, stating such an action would help U.S. gun manufacturers expand their business and would create more jobs.[77] In 2016, Tester voted against a Democrat-sponsored proposal that would have required background checks for purchases at gun shows and for purchases of guns online nationwide. He argued that the bill would "have blocked family members and neighbors from buying and selling guns to one another without a background check." Tester voted for a second Democrat-sponsored proposal to ban gun sales to individuals on the terrorist watch list. Both proposals failed.[78] TortureIn May 2018, Tester said that he would not support Gina Haspel's nomination to become CIA Director.[79] The first Democrat from a red state to express opposition to her, he cited her role in Bush administration interrogation and detention programs, and said he was "not a fan of waterboarding."[79] Veterans affairsAs ranking member of the Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee, Tester raised concerns about the nomination of Ronny Jackson to head the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. There were allegations against Jackson that he dispensed medications in a medically unethical fashion, was drunk on an overseas trip and drunkenly banged on the hotel door of a female colleague.[80] Jackson denied the allegations but withdrew his nomination.[81] In response, Trump called for Tester's resignation and said that the allegations against Jackson were false.[80] According to CNN, four sources familiar with the allegation that Jackson drunkenly banged on the door of a female colleague confirmed it. The Secret Service said it could not verify any of the allegations.[80] Johnny Isakson, the Republican chairman of the Senate Veterans Affairs Committee, defended Tester, saying he had no problem with Tester's handling of Jackson's nomination.[82] ControversiesCampaign contributionsIn June 2010, after giving a brief talk to a few attorneys at the offices of Thornton Law Firm in Boston, Tester received a total of $26,400 in campaign contributions from attendees.[83] The firm later paid some of the partners a "bonus" exactly equal the contributions they had made out to Tester’s campaign.[83] The Hill reported in April 2011 that Tester had "reaped a windfall in contributions from banks and lobbyists since introducing legislation to delay new regulations on debit-card swipe fees. Tester collected nearly $60,000 in contributions from credit card companies and other opponents of the proposed caps on swipe fees in the 17 days following the introduction of his bill." Much of the money came from executives at TCF Financial Corporation, the lead plaintiff in a federal lawsuit to block the "Durbin rule," which would lower the fees that banks could charge retailers for debit-card transactions.[84]A 2012 GOP ad claimed that Tester had "received more lobbyist money than any other DC politician." In response, Tester ran an ad in which "several Montanans prais[ed] Tester for cracking down on lobbyists." The Weekly Standard reported that despite the ad's claims, and despite Tester's 2006 promises to "clean up the K Street lobbyist culture," Tester was indeed the Senate's top recipient of lobbyist money.[85][86] In March 2012, the Montana GOP filed a complaint with the Senate Ethics Committee requesting an investigation into the actions of Tester and Max Baucus. The complaint cited a Politico report suggesting that Baucus' K Street connections were "warning clients against giving campaign contributions to Tester's Republican challenger Rep. Denny Rehberg". Tester denied any wrongdoing.[87] Personal lifeDuring Tester's senior year in college, he married Sharla Bitz.[88] Like Tester, she comes from an agricultural family and grew up in north-central Montana.[89] They have two children: a daughter, Christine, born in 1980; and a son, Shon, born in 1985.[88] Before his election to the Senate, Tester had never lived more than two hours away from his north-central Montana farm.[39] In addition to his Montana farm, Tester owns a home in Washington D.C.[90] A January 2012 profile of Tester focused on the fact that he butchers and brings his own meat with him to Washington. He said "Taking meat with us is just something that we do... We like our own meat."[91] See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publishing/preview/publiced_preview_briefs_pdfs_09_10_08_1521_PetitionerAmCuSenatorKayBaileyHutchison.authcheckdam.pdf|title=Otis McDonald, et al. v. City of Chicago, Illinois, et al.|publisher=American Bar}} 2. ^{{cite web |last=Glasser |first=Susan B. |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2013/04/max-baucus-retiring-2014-090491 |title=Max Baucus to retire |publisher=Politico |date=2013-04-23 |accessdate=2017-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503064318/http://www.politico.com/story/2013/04/max-baucus-retiring-2014-090491 |archive-date=May 3, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }} 3. ^"TESTER, Jon" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228085447/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000464 |date=December 28, 2011 }}, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 10, 2011. 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~battle/senators/tester.htm |title=1 |publisher=Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com |date= |accessdate=August 12, 2014}} 5. ^Cohen, Betsy. "Back on the farm" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117001845/http://helenair.com/news/state-and-regional/article_4d4368a4-1409-593d-902c-d084d8d64945.html |date=November 17, 2017 }}, Helena Independent Record, April 9, 2007. 6. ^Klein, Joe. "The Democrats' New Populism", Time, July 2, 2006. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402012239/http://www.time.com/time/columnist/klein/article/0,9565,1209919,00.html |date=April 2, 2009 }} 7. ^1 [https://tester.senate.gov/Jon/index.cfm "Biography".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723144430/http://www.tester.senate.gov/Jon/index.cfm |date=July 23, 2012 }} U.S. Senate website. Retrieved December 26, 2009. 8. ^"Jon Tester (D-Mont.)" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914122810/http://www.whorunsgov.com/Profiles/Jon_Tester |date=September 14, 2009 }} WhoRunsGov.com. Retrieved December 26, 2009. 9. ^Lowery, Courtney. "The 'Good Guy' Running for U.S. Senate" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615122254/http://www.newwest.net/index.php/main/article/the_good_guy_running_for_us_senate/ |date=June 15, 2006 }}, NewWest, August 28, 2005. 10. ^1 2 "Sen. Jon Tester (D-MT)". The Almanac of American Politics, National Journal. Retrieved December 10, 2011. 11. ^{{cite news|title=Almanac: Sen. Jon Tester (D)|url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/almanac/member/490|accessdate=July 10, 2014|publisher=National Journal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714145957/http://www.nationaljournal.com/almanac/member/490|archive-date=July 14, 2014|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=141878 |title=Ourcampaigns.com |publisher=Ourcampaigns.com |date= |accessdate=August 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208170201/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=141878 |archive-date=February 8, 2015 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }} 13. ^{{cite web |last=McCulloch |first=Linda |title=Term Limits – Elections |url=http://sos.mt.gov/elections/term_limits/index#State |accessdate=October 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129230651/http://sos.mt.gov/elections/term_limits/index#State#State |archive-date=January 29, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }} 14. ^Johnson, Charles S. "Tester begins Demo race for U.S. Senate" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206190202/http://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/montana/tester-begins-demo-race-for-u-s-senate/article_88b77ac1-20fb-5f2c-9b6e-3779f77911dd.html |date=February 6, 2018 }}, Billings Gazette, May 24, 2005. 15. ^{{cite web |author=Mike Allen, 406-441-4101, mallen@mt.gov |url=http://leg.mt.gov/css/Committees/administration/Finance/2003-4/2005_lfc.asp |title=Montana Legislature -Legislative Finance Committee |publisher=Leg.mt.gov |date= |accessdate=August 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902150154/http://leg.mt.gov/css/Committees/Administration/Finance/2003-4/2005_lfc.asp |archive-date=September 2, 2014 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }} 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://leg.mt.gov/css/Sessions/Special%20Session/may_2000/committees/sas.asp |title=Montana Legislature: Sessions |publisher=Leg.mt.gov |date=July 16, 2008 |accessdate=August 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902170247/http://leg.mt.gov/css/Sessions/Special%20Session/may_2000/committees/sas.asp |archive-date=September 2, 2014 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://leg.mt.gov/css/Sessions/57th/senate_committees.asp#ag |title=Montana Legislature: Sessions |publisher=Leg.mt.gov |date= |accessdate=August 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902150132/http://leg.mt.gov/css/Sessions/57th/senate_committees.asp#ag#ag |archive-date=September 2, 2014 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }} 18. ^1 2 http://leg.mt.gov/content/Committees/Session/2005_senate_committees.pdf 19. ^{{Cite web |url=http://leg.mt.gov/content/Committees/Session/2003_senate_committees.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=May 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624032950/http://leg.mt.gov/content/Committees/Session/2003_senate_committees.pdf |archive-date=June 24, 2012 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }} 20. ^{{cite web |url=http://leg.mt.gov/css/Committees/Interim/InterimMembership.asp?CommitteeID=593 |title=Montana Legislature: Interim Committees Membership |publisher=Leg.mt.gov |date=May 21, 2013 |accessdate=August 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902173252/http://leg.mt.gov/css/Committees/Interim/InterimMembership.asp?CommitteeID=593 |archive-date=September 2, 2014 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }} 21. ^Johnson, Charles S. "Tester, Morrison list endorsements" {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120709205355/http://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/montana/tester-morrison-list-endorsements/article_556296b3-bfe3-52b8-86be-ace83cea8fc9.html |date=July 9, 2012 }}, Billings Gazette, May 16, 2006. 22. ^Johnson, Charles S. "Burns' fundraising nears $5 million; Morrison's hits $1 million"{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, CQPolitics.com, August 28, 2005. 23. ^Horrigan, Marie. "MT Senate: Race to Take On Embattled Burns Nears Finish" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827025641/http://www.cqpolitics.com/2006/05/mt_senate_race_to_take_on_emba.html |date=August 27, 2006 }}, CQPolitics.com, May 31, 2006. 24. ^Johnson, Charles S. "Tester, Morrison deadlocked", Helena Independent Record, May 28, 2006. 25. ^1 Charles S. Johnson, Tester routs Morrison, will challenge Burns: Embattled incumbent beats Keenan by 3-to-1 margin {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118002125/http://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/montana/tester-routs-morrison-will-challenge-burns/article_194f6c71-9964-5b9f-9276-eb284abc6fe0.html |date=November 18, 2017 }}, Billings Gazette (June 6, 2006). 26. ^U.S. SENATE / MONTANA results {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108225434/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2006/pages/results/states/MT/S/01/index.html |date=November 8, 2006 }}, CNN.com, November 2006. 27. ^Matt Gouras, [Tester wins re-election, defeats Rehberg], Associated Press (November 6, 2012). 28. ^{{cite news | url=http://elections.nytimes.com/2012/results/states/montana | work=The New York Times | title=Montana | access-date=November 7, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108082307/http://elections.nytimes.com/2012/results/states/montana | archive-date=November 8, 2012 | dead-url=no | df=mdy-all }} 29. ^{{cite news |first=Susan |last=Davis |title=Montana race could tip balance of power in U.S. Senate |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/politics/story/2012-04-04/montana-senate-race/54013908/1 |newspaper=USA Today |date=April 5, 2012 |accessdate=October 6, 2012}} 30. ^{{cite news |first=Mark Z. |last=Barabak |title=Winning the West, Montana style |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/feb/27/nation/la-na-campaign-2012-west-20110227 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=February 27, 2011 |accessdate=October 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014161446/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/feb/27/nation/la-na-campaign-2012-west-20110227 |archive-date=October 14, 2012 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }} 31. ^{{cite web |title=Democrat Jon Tester wins re-election in Montana Senate race |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/07/politics/jon-tester-montana/index.html |accessdate=8 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108214213/https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/07/politics/jon-tester-montana/index.html |archive-date=November 8, 2018 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }} 32. ^{{cite web |title=Jon Tester Wins in Montana, Despite Trump’s Best Efforts |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/11/jon-testers-victory-montana-rejoinder-trump/575299/ |website=The Atlantic |accessdate=8 November 2018}} 33. ^Johnson, Charles S. "Dems vow to get Tester on Senate appropriations", Helena Independent Record, October 19, 2006. 34. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.tester.senate.gov/?p=press_release&id=2352 |title=Tester earns seat on Senate Appropriations Committee |publisher=Jon Tester |date=January 13, 2009 |accessdate=April 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514185728/http://www.tester.senate.gov/?p=press_release&id=2352 |archive-date=May 14, 2013 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }} 35. ^Barone, The Almanac of American Politics 2014 (Kindle Locations 48474-48476) 36. ^Ben White, "Democratic opposition dooms Larry Summers's Fed chances," POLITICO Sept. 15, 2013 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919045227/http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/larry-summers-withdraws-name-federal-reserve-chairman-96824.html |date=September 19, 2013 }} 37. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/04/18/jon-tester-montana-democrat-senate-531524|title=‘I don’t think they can beat who I am’|work=POLITICO|access-date=2018-07-18|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716111902/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/04/18/jon-tester-montana-democrat-senate-531524|archive-date=July 16, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 38. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow/watch/how-jon-tester-won-a-red-state-election-against-trump-opposition-1385542211672|title=How Jon Tester won a red state election against Trump opposition|work=MSNBC.com|access-date=2018-12-03|language=en-US}} 39. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/13/us/politics/13tester.html?pagewanted=2&_r=2|title=Fresh Off the Farm in Montana, a Senator-to-Be|last=Egan|first=Timothy|date=November 13, 2006|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=October 6, 2012}} 40. ^{{cite web|last1=Davis|first1=Susan|title=Montana race could tip balance of power in U.S. Senate|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/story/2012-04-04/montana-senate-race/54013908/1|website=USA Today|accessdate=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627035340/http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/story/2012-04-04/montana-senate-race/54013908/1|archive-date=June 27, 2012|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 41. ^{{Cite news|url=https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/congress-trump-score/jon-tester/|title=Tracking Jon Tester In The Age Of Trump|last=Bycoffe|first=Aaron|date=2017-01-30|work=FiveThirtyEight|access-date=2018-03-18|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318120555/https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/congress-trump-score/jon-tester/|archive-date=March 18, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 42. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.rollcall.com/news/hawkings/vulnerable-senate-democrats|title=How Vulnerable Senate Democrats Have Pushed to the Center|last=Hawkings|first=David|date=2018-03-05|work=Roll Call|access-date=2018-07-24|last2=Hawkings|first2=David|language=en}} 43. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/02/trump-democrats-senate-meeting-234781|title=Moderate Democratic senators to visit White House|work=POLITICO|access-date=2018-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318182735/https://www.politico.com/story/2017/02/trump-democrats-senate-meeting-234781|archive-date=March 18, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 44. ^{{Cite news|url=http://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/349493-centrist-dem-maybe-we-should-look-at-single-payer-healthcare|title=Centrist Dem: Maybe we should look at single-payer health care|last=Weaver|first=Dustin|date=2017-09-06|work=TheHill|access-date=2018-03-18|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208003238/http://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/349493-centrist-dem-maybe-we-should-look-at-single-payer-healthcare|archive-date=February 8, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 45. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/jon_tester/412244|title=Jon Tester, Senator for Montana - GovTrack.us|website=GovTrack.us|language=en|access-date=2018-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718234612/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/jon_tester/412244|archive-date=July 18, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 46. ^Michael Barone, et al. The Almanac of American Politics 2014 (2013) (Kindle Location 48402) 47. ^{{cite web|title=Senator Jon Tester's Special Interest Group Ratings|url=http://votesmart.org/candidate/evaluations/20928/jon-tester|website=VoteSmart|accessdate=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328041116/https://votesmart.org/candidate/evaluations/20928/jon-tester|archive-date=March 28, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 48. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.crowdpac.com/candidates/1583/jon-tester|title=Jon Tester {{!}} US Senate, primary (2018) in Montana (MT) {{!}} Crowdpac|website=www.crowdpac.com|access-date=2016-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118234638/https://www.crowdpac.com/candidates/1583/jon-tester|archive-date=November 18, 2016|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 49. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=2&vote=00281|title=U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home – Votes – Roll Call Vote|publisher=senate.gov|date=December 18, 2010|accessdate=December 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804041751/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=2&vote=00281|archive-date=August 4, 2011|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} {{cite news|url=http://politics.nytimes.com/congress/votes/111/senate/2/281|work=The New York Times|title=Senate Vote 281 – Repeals 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell'|accessdate=October 6, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128031443/http://politics.nytimes.com/congress/votes/111/senate/2/281|archivedate=January 28, 2013|df=mdy-all}} 50. ^{{cite news|last=Stein|first=Sam|title=Jon Tester Explains Gay Marriage Evolution|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/28/jon-tester-gay-marriage_n_2971715.html|work=huffingtonpost.com|accessdate=March 30, 2013|date=March 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331013127/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/28/jon-tester-gay-marriage_n_2971715.html|archive-date=March 31, 2013|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kpax.com/story/29417684/montana-leaders-react-to-same-sex-ruling|publisher=KPAX/MTN news|date=June 26, 2015|accessdate=June 21, 2018|title=Montana leaders react to same-sex marriage ruling|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622083853/http://www.kpax.com/story/29417684/montana-leaders-react-to-same-sex-ruling|archive-date=June 22, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 52. ^{{cite news|last1=Kuglin|first1=Tom|title=Anti-abortion activists push Tester to support Trump's Supreme Court nominee|url=http://missoulian.com/news/government-and-politics/anti-abortion-activists-push-tester-to-support-trump-s-supreme/article_35fbc619-223b-5faf-896b-929182eed9e8.html|accessdate=5 February 2018|publisher=The Missoulian|date=March 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206002528/http://missoulian.com/news/government-and-politics/anti-abortion-activists-push-tester-to-support-trump-s-supreme/article_35fbc619-223b-5faf-896b-929182eed9e8.html|archive-date=February 6, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 53. ^{{cite news|last1=Reed|first1=Don|title=A Brighter Day: Stem Cell Elections in 2012|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/don-c-reed/a-brighter-day-stem-cells_b_2113504.html|accessdate=5 February 2018|publisher=HuffPost|date=November 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916213558/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/don-c-reed/a-brighter-day-stem-cells_b_2113504.html|archive-date=September 16, 2017|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 54. ^"MTP Transcript for Nov 19" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826034529/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15751399/ |date=August 26, 2012 }}, msnbc.com, November 19, 2006. 55. ^{{cite news |first1=Manu |last1=Raju |first2=Scott |last2=Wong |title=Jon Tester, Ben Nelson unsure on teachers bill |url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1011/66203.html |newspaper=Politico |date=October 17, 2011 |accessdate=October 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210191158/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1011/66203.html |archive-date=February 10, 2012 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }} 56. ^{{cite news|last1=Pathe|first1=Simone|title=Montana’s Jon Tester Breaks With 2018 Red-State Democrats|url=https://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/montanas-jon-tester-breaks-red-state-2018-democrats|accessdate=5 February 2018|publisher=Roll Call|date=January 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005004/https://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/montanas-jon-tester-breaks-red-state-2018-democrats|archive-date=February 7, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 57. ^{{cite news|last1=Everett|first1=Burgess|last2=Robillard|first2=Kevin|title=Tester puts reelection on the line with risky shutdown vote|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/01/25/senate-2018-tester-puts-reelection-on-line-government-shutdown-366941|accessdate=5 February 2018|publisher=Politico|date=January 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131436/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/01/25/senate-2018-tester-puts-reelection-on-line-government-shutdown-366941|archive-date=February 6, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 58. ^{{cite web|last1=WARMBRODT|first1=Zachary|title=Victory in sight for Democrats defying Warren on bank bill|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/03/05/democrats-warren-bank-regulations-383779?lo=ap_d1|website=Politico|accessdate=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310010720/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/03/05/democrats-warren-bank-regulations-383779?lo=ap_d1|archive-date=March 10, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 59. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.americanbanker.com/news/jon-tester-is-first-democrat-endorsed-by-banking-super-pac|title=Tester is first Dem endorsed by banking super PAC|work=American Banker|access-date=2018-08-07|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807185942/https://www.americanbanker.com/news/jon-tester-is-first-democrat-endorsed-by-banking-super-pac|archive-date=August 7, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 60. ^{{cite web|last1=Good|first1=Chris|title=After DREAM Vote, Immigration Reform Unlikely This Year|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2010/12/after-dream-vote-immigration-reform-unlikely-this-year/68245/|website=The Atlantic|accessdate=25 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327023719/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2010/12/after-dream-vote-immigration-reform-unlikely-this-year/68245/|archive-date=March 27, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 61. ^{{cite web|last1=Hohmann|first1=James|title=The Daily 202: DACA reaction shows how immigration has become a litmus test for Democrats|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/paloma/daily-202/2017/09/06/daily-202-daca-reaction-shows-how-immigration-has-become-a-litmus-test-for-democrats/59af142730fb04264c2a1ced/|website=The Washington Post|accessdate=24 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215042950/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/paloma/daily-202/2017/09/06/daily-202-daca-reaction-shows-how-immigration-has-become-a-litmus-test-for-democrats/59af142730fb04264c2a1ced/|archive-date=February 15, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 62. ^{{cite web|last1=Dayen|first1=David|title=THE POLITICS OF THE DREAM ACT SEEM PRETTY EASY, BUT SOME DEMOCRATS ARE STILL SCREWING IT UP|url=https://theintercept.com/2017/09/06/jon-tester-and-joe-manchin-key-democratic-senators-wobbly-on-dream-act/|website=The Intercept|accessdate=25 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084134/https://theintercept.com/2017/09/06/jon-tester-and-joe-manchin-key-democratic-senators-wobbly-on-dream-act/|archive-date=March 27, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 63. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=1&vote=00396 |title=U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home – Votes – Roll Call Vote |publisher=senate.gov |date=December 24, 2009 |accessdate=December 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718202033/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=1&vote=00396 |archive-date=July 18, 2011 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }} 64. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=2&vote=00105 |title=U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home – Votes – Roll Call Vote |publisher=senate.gov |date=March 25, 2010 |accessdate=December 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804082122/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=2&vote=00105 |archive-date=August 4, 2010 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }} 65. ^{{cite news|last1=Roubein|first1=Rachel|title=Centrist Dem: Maybe we should look at single-payer health care|url=http://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/349493-centrist-dem-maybe-we-should-look-at-single-payer-healthcare?amp|accessdate=5 February 2018|publisher=The Hill|date=September 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206075107/http://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/349493-centrist-dem-maybe-we-should-look-at-single-payer-healthcare?amp|archive-date=February 6, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 66. ^{{cite web|last1=Simon|first1=Scott|title=Democratic Sen. Jon Tester On Health Care|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/07/15/537381196/democratic-sen-jon-tester-on-health-care|website=NPR|accessdate=25 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084423/https://www.npr.org/2017/07/15/537381196/democratic-sen-jon-tester-on-health-care|archive-date=March 27, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 67. ^{{cite news|last1=Lutey|first1=Tom|title=Tester will oppose Neil Gorsuch|url=http://missoulian.com/news/government-and-politics/tester-will-oppose-neil-gorsuch/article_ca259d00-8777-5a61-96b8-44742358ead8.html|accessdate=5 February 2018|publisher=The Missoulian|date=April 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131448/http://missoulian.com/news/government-and-politics/tester-will-oppose-neil-gorsuch/article_ca259d00-8777-5a61-96b8-44742358ead8.html|archive-date=February 6, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 68. ^{{cite web|last1=Tester|first1=Jon|title=Why I Cannot Support Judge Gorsuch|url=https://medium.com/@sen_jon_tester/why-i-cannot-support-judge-gorsuch-70c7b460cd7e|website=Medium|accessdate=25 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084500/https://medium.com/@sen_jon_tester/why-i-cannot-support-judge-gorsuch-70c7b460cd7e|archive-date=March 27, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 69. ^{{cite news |first=Frank |last=James |title=Sen. Jon Tester Decries Citizens United's Impact In Montana, Nationally |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2012/01/31/146096873/sen-jon-tester-decries-citizens-uniteds-impact-in-montana-nationally |date=January 30, 2012 |accessdate=October 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009075949/http://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2012/01/31/146096873/sen-jon-tester-decries-citizens-uniteds-impact-in-montana-nationally |archive-date=October 9, 2012 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }} 70. ^{{cite web|title=TESTER FIGHTS FOR MONTANA COAL WORKERS AND THEIR FAMILIES|url=https://www.tester.senate.gov/?p=press_release&id=4681|website=tester.senate.gov|accessdate=29 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206010540/https://www.tester.senate.gov/?p=press_release&id=4681|archive-date=December 6, 2017|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 71. ^1 {{cite news |last=Romano |first=Andrew |title=The Democrats' Last, Best Hope |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2011/05/01/the-democrats-last-best-hope.html |newspaper=The Daily Beast |date=May 1, 2011 |accessdate=October 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002161805/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2011/05/01/the-democrats-last-best-hope.html |archive-date=October 2, 2012 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }} 72. ^{{cite news |first=Rob |last=Chaney |title=Tester's Forest Jobs and Recreation Act draws mixed reviews |url=http://missoulian.com/news/local/article_5960ac0c-874c-11e0-a444-001cc4c002e0.html |newspaper=The Missoulian |date=May 26, 2011 |accessdate=October 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528040028/http://missoulian.com/news/local/article_5960ac0c-874c-11e0-a444-001cc4c002e0.html |archive-date=May 28, 2011 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }} 73. ^{{cite web|last1=Greene|first1=David|title=The View From Montana, Where Guns Are An Important Election Issue|url=https://www.npr.org/2016/05/06/476994024/the-view-from-montana-where-guns-are-an-important-election-issue|website=NPR.org|accessdate=5 October 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005101214/http://www.npr.org/2016/05/06/476994024/the-view-from-montana-where-guns-are-an-important-election-issue|archive-date=October 5, 2017|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 74. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/12/19/us/politics/nra.html?_r=0 | work=The New York Times | first1=Matthew | last1=Bloch | first2=Hannah | last2=Fairfield | first3=Jacob | last3=Harris | first4=Josh | last4=Keller | title=How the N.R.A. Rates Lawmakers | date=December 19, 2012 | access-date=February 22, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228083552/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/12/19/us/politics/nra.html?_r=0 | archive-date=February 28, 2017 | dead-url=no | df=mdy-all }} 75. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/04/us/politics/gun-owners-of-america-a-lobbying-group-grows-in-influence.html?pagewanted=all | work=The New York Times | first=Jennifer | last=Steinhauer | title=Gun Owners of America, a Lobbying Group, Grows in Influence | date=April 3, 2013}} 76. ^{{Cite web |url=http://gunowners.org/113srat.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=September 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926025821/http://gunowners.org/113srat.htm |archive-date=September 26, 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 77. ^{{cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Nicole|title=Sen. Tester pushing for help for Montana's gun manufacturers|url=http://www.kpax.com/story/35567192/sen-tester-pushing-for-help-for-montanas-gun-manufacturers|website=KPAX|accessdate=5 October 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005100714/http://www.kpax.com/story/35567192/sen-tester-pushing-for-help-for-montanas-gun-manufacturers|archive-date=October 5, 2017|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 78. ^{{cite web|last1=Lutey|first1=Tom|title=Tester splits with Democrats on gun show background checks|url=http://missoulian.com/news/local/tester-splits-with-democrats-on-gun-show-background-checks/article_4ff25dd7-5386-55d2-ae4f-f704919c3801.html|website=missoulian.com|accessdate=5 October 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005151452/http://missoulian.com/news/local/tester-splits-with-democrats-on-gun-show-background-checks/article_4ff25dd7-5386-55d2-ae4f-f704919c3801.html|archive-date=October 5, 2017|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 79. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/08/politics/jon-tester-no-gina-haspel-cia-director/index.html?sr=twCNNp050818jon-tester-no-gina-haspel-cia-director1224PMVODtop&CNNPolitics=Tw|title=Tester to vote no on Haspel: 'I'm not a fan of waterboarding'|last=CNN|first=Daniella Diaz,|work=CNN|access-date=2018-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509075627/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/08/politics/jon-tester-no-gina-haspel-cia-director/index.html?sr=twCNNp050818jon-tester-no-gina-haspel-cia-director1224PMVODtop&CNNPolitics=Tw|archive-date=May 9, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 80. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/28/politics/donald-trump-jon-tester-resign/index.html|title=Donald Trump calls for Jon Tester to resign over Jackson opposition|last=Korade|first=Matt|work=CNN|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025145/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/28/politics/donald-trump-jon-tester-resign/index.html|archive-date=April 29, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 81. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/04/27/donald-trump-ronny-jackson-allegations-a-disgrace-557673|title=Trump challenges allegations against Jackson, calls on Tester to resign|work=POLITICO|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428155358/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/04/27/donald-trump-ronny-jackson-allegations-a-disgrace-557673|archive-date=April 28, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 82. ^{{Cite news|url=http://thehill.com/homenews/senate/385317-gop-va-committee-chair-does-not-have-a-problem-with-testers-handling-of|title=GOP chairman 'does not have a problem' with Tester's handling of Jackson allegations|last=Anapol|first=Avery|date=2018-04-28|work=TheHill|access-date=2018-04-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025342/http://thehill.com/homenews/senate/385317-gop-va-committee-chair-does-not-have-a-problem-with-testers-handling-of|archive-date=April 29, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 83. ^1 "[https://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/12708092 Millions in political donations fueled by matching bonuses at Boston law firm]". OpenSecrets Blog. HuffPost. October 29, 2016; updated October 30, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2018. 84. ^{{cite web|last1=Bolton|first1=Alexander|title=Swipe-fee opponents shower Sen. Tester with campaign contributions|url=http://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/156911-swipe-fee-opponents-direct-campaign-money-to-tester|website=The Hill|accessdate=29 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025235238/http://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/156911-swipe-fee-opponents-direct-campaign-money-to-tester|archive-date=October 25, 2012|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 85. ^{{cite web|last1=Terkel|first1=Amanda|title=Jon Tester Touts Ethics Record In New Ad|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/07/jon-tester-ethics-ad_n_1495419.html|website=Huffington Post|accessdate=29 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813101308/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/07/jon-tester-ethics-ad_n_1495419.html|archive-date=August 13, 2012|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}} 86. ^{{cite web|last1=Warren|first1=Michael|title=Tester Ad: Dem Senator 'Cracked Down on Lobbyists'|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/tester-ad-dem-senator-cracked-down-lobbyists/article/643270|website=The Weekly Standard|accessdate=29 March 2018}} 87. ^{{cite news |first1=Anna |last1=Palmer |first2=Robin |last2=Bravender |title=Max Baucus, Jon Tester investigation called for by Montana GOP |url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0312/73558.html |newspaper=Politico |date=March 2, 2012 |accessdate=October 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120022008/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0312/73558.html |archive-date=November 20, 2012 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }} 88. ^1 McKee, Jennifer. [https://tester.senate.gov/Newsroom/01012007_montana_tester.cfm "Mr. Tester Goes to Washington".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106045219/http://tester.senate.gov/Newsroom/01012007_montana_tester.cfm |date=January 6, 2010 }} Montana Magazine. January 15, 2007. Article quoted at Jon Tester's official Senate website. Retrieved 2009-12-26. 89. ^"Jon Tester: The Right Man to Represent Montana". {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308103837/http://www.testerforsenate.com/about/ |date=March 8, 2010 }} testerforsenate.com. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806091054/http://www.testerforsenate.com/ |date=August 6, 2007 }}. Retrieved December 26, 2009. 90. ^{{cite news|last1=Terris|first1=Ben|title=Jon Tester could teach Democrats a lot about rural America — if he can keep his Senate seat|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/jon-tester-could-teach-democrats-a-lot-about-rural-america--if-he-can-keep-his-senate-seat/2017/05/01/198c03cc-251d-11e7-a1b3-faff0034e2de_story.html|accessdate=5 February 2018|publisher=Washington Post|date=May 2, 2017}} 91. ^{{cite news |first=Jennifer |last=Steinhauer |title=Loyal to His 4-Legged Constituents |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/11/dining/senator-jon-tester-brings-dinner-from-montana.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 10, 2012 |accessdate=October 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502160814/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/11/dining/senator-jon-tester-brings-dinner-from-montana.html |archive-date=May 2, 2012 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }} External links
(Class 1)|years=2006, 2012, 2018}}{{s-inc|recent}} |-{{s-bef|before=Michael Bennet}}{{s-ttl|title=Chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee|years=2015–2017}}{{s-aft|after=Chris Van Hollen}} |-{{s-par|us-sen}}{{s-bef|before=Conrad Burns}}{{s-ttl|title=U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Montana|years=2007–present|alongside=Max Baucus, John Walsh, Steve Daines}}{{s-inc}} |-{{s-bef|before=Maria Cantwell}}{{s-ttl|title=Chair of the Senate Indian Affairs Committee|years=2014–2015}}{{s-aft|after=John Barrasso}} |-{{s-bef|before=John Barrasso}}{{s-ttl|title=Ranking Member of the Senate Indian Affairs Committee|years=2015–2017}}{{s-aft|after=Tom Udall}} |-{{s-bef|before=Richard Blumenthal}}{{s-ttl|title=Ranking Member of the Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee|years=2017–present}}{{s-inc}} |-{{s-prec|usa}}{{s-bef|before=Sheldon Whitehouse}}{{s-ttl|title=United States Senators by seniority|years=33rd}}{{s-aft|after=John Barrasso}}{{s-end}}{{USSenMT}}{{MT-FedRep}}{{Current Montana statewide political officials}}{{Current U.S. Senators}}{{USSenChairs}}{{SenIndianAffairsCommitteeChairmen}}{{DSCC Chairs}}{{USCongRep-start|congresses= 110th–115th United States Congresses |state=Montana}}{{USCongRep/MT/110}}{{USCongRep/MT/111}}{{USCongRep/MT/112}}{{USCongRep/MT/113}}{{USCongRep/MT/114}}{{USCongRep/MT/115}}{{USCongRep-end}}{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Tester, Jon}} 15 : 1956 births|21st-century American politicians|American people of English descent|American people of Swedish descent|Democratic Party United States Senators|Farmers from Montana|Living people|Members of the Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)|Montana Democrats|Montana state senators|People from Chouteau County, Montana|Presidents of the Montana Senate|School board members in Montana|United States Senators from Montana|University of Providence alumni |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。