| 词条 | Badakhshan Province | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Badakhshan Province | native_name = {{lang|fa|ولایت بدخشان}} | settlement_type = Province | image_skyline = Badakhshan province of Afghanistan.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Different districts of Badakhshan Province | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Badakhshan in Afghanistan.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Map of Afghanistan with Badakhshan highlighted | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|38|0|N|71|0|E|region:AF_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Afghanistan}} | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = Capital | seat = Fayzabad | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = Governor | leader_name = Ahmad Faisal Begzad | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = [1] | area_total_km2 = 44059 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = [2] | population_total = 904700 | population_as_of = 2012 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | blank_name_sec1 = Main languages | blank_info_sec1 = Dari, Khowar, Kyrgyz, Shughni, Munji, Ishkashimi, Wakhi | timezone1 = 30 | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = AF-BDS | website = | footnotes = }} Badakhshan Province ({{lang-ps|د بدخشان ولایت }} Badaxšān wilāyat and {{lang-fa|ولایت بدخشان|Velâyat-e Badakhšân}}) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the farthest northeastern part of the country between Tajikistan and northern Pakistan. It shares a 56.5-mile (91 km) border with China. It is part of a broader historical Badakhshan region. The province contains 22 to 28 districts, over 1,200 villages, and approximately 904,700 people.[2] Feyzabad serves as the provincial capital. Geography{{Further|Geography of Afghanistan}}Badakhshan is primarily bordered by Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province and Khatlon Province in Tajikistan to the north and east. In the east of the province a long spur called the Wakhan Corridor extends above northern Pakistan's Chitral and Northern Areas to a border with China. The province has a total area of {{convert|44059|km2|sqmi}}, most of which is occupied by the Hindu Kush and Pamir mountain ranges. Badakhshan was a stopover on the ancient Silk Road trading path, and China has shown great interest in the province after the fall of the Taliban, helping to reconstruct roads and infrastructure. According to the World Wildlife Fund,{{citation needed|date=March 2012}} Badakhshan contains temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands, as well as Gissaro-Alai open woodlands along the Pamir River. Common plants found in these areas include pistachio, almond, walnut, apple, juniper, and sagebrush. Montane grasslands and shrublands are existent in the province, with the Hindu Kush alpine meadow in the high mountains in the northern and southwestern regions. The Wakhan corridor contains two montane grassland and shrubland regions: the Karakoram-West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe and in the Pamir Mountains and Kuh-e Safed Khers in Darwaz region. South of Fayzabad the terrain becomes dominated by deserts and xeric shrublands. Common vegetation includes thorny bushes, zizyphus, acacia, and Amygdatus. Paropamisus xeric woodlands can be found in the province's northwestern and central areas. Common vegetation includes almond, pistachio, willows, and sea-buckthorn. History{{History of Afghanistan}}{{Further|History of Afghanistan}}The area has a long history like the rest of Afghanistan, dating to its conquering by the Achaemenid Empire and beyond. Badakhshan etymologically derives from the Middle Persian word badaxš, an official title. The suffix of the name, -ān, means the region belonged to someone with the title badaxš.[2] The territory was ruled by the Uzbek Khanate of Bukhara between the early 16th century and the mid-18th century. It was given to Ahmad Shah Durrani by Murad Beg of Bukhara after a treaty of friendship was reached in or about 1750 and became part of the Durrani Empire. It was ruled by the Durranis followed by the Barakzai dynasty, and was untouched by the British during the three Anglo-Afghan wars that were fought in the 19th and 20th centuries. It remained peaceful for about 100 years until the 1980s Soviet–Afghan War at which point the Mujahideen began a rebellion against the central Afghan government. During the 1990s, much of the area was controlled by forces loyal to Burhanuddin Rabbani and Ahmad Shah Massoud,[3] who were de facto the national government until 1996. Badakhshan was the only province that the Taliban did not conquer during their rule from 1996 to 2001. However, during the course of the wars a non-Taliban Islamic emirate was established in Badakhshan by Mawlawi Shariqi, paralleling the Islamic Revolutionary State of Afghanistan in neighboring Nuristan. Rabbani, a Badakhshan native, and Massoud, were the last remnants of the anti-Taliban Northern Alliance during the peak of Taliban control in 2001. Badakhshan was thus one of the few provinces of the country that witnessed little insurgency in the Afghan wars - however during the 2010s Taliban insurgents managed to attack and take control of several districts in the province.[4] On 26 October 2015, the 7.5 Mw Hindu Kush earthquake shook northern Afghanistan with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). This earthquake destroyed almost 30,000 homes, left several hundred dead, and more than 1,700 injured.[5] Politics and governance{{Further|Politics of Afghanistan|List of governors of Badakhshan}}The current Governor of the province is Shah Waliullah Adeeb.[6] His predecessors were Munshi Abdul Majid and Baz Mohammad Ahmadi. The borders with neighboring Tajikistan, China, and Pakistan are monitored by the Afghan Border Police (ABP). All law enforcement activities throughout the province are handled by the Afghan National Police (ANP). A provincial Police Chief is assigned to lead both the ANP and the ABP. The Police Chief represents the Ministry of the Interior in Kabul. The ANP is backed by the military, including the NATO-led forces. Fayzabad, the capital of Badakhshan province, sits on the Kokcha River and has an approximate population of 50,000. The chief commercial and administrative center of northeast Afghanistan and the Pamir region, Fayzabad also has rice and flour mills. Transportation{{Further|Transport in Afghanistan}}Fayzabad Airport serves the province with regular direct flights to Kabul. Healthcare{{Further|Health in Afghanistan}}The percentage of households with clean drinking water increased from 13% in 2005 to 21% in 2011.[7] The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 1.5% in 2003 to 2% in 2011.[7] Education{{Further|Education in Afghanistan}}The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) fell from 31% in 2005 to 26% in 2011.[7] The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 46% in 2005 to 68% in 2011.[7] Economy{{Further|Economy of Afghanistan}}Despite massive mineral reserves, Badakhshan is one of the most destitute areas in the world. Opium poppy growing is the only real source of income in the province and Badakhshan has one of the highest rates of maternal mortality in the world, due to the complete lack of health infrastructure, inaccessible locations, and bitter winters of the province. BORNA Institute of Higher Education being the first private university located on the bank of Kokcha river. Lapis lazuli has been mined in the Sar-e-Sang mines, located in the Kuran wa Munjan District of Badakhshan, for over 6,000 years. The mines were the largest and most well-known source in ancient times.[8][9] Most recent mining activity has focused on lapis lazuli, with the proceeds from the lapis mines being used to fund Northern Alliance troops, and before that, anti-Soviet Mujahideen fighters.[10] Recent geological surveys have indicated the location of other gemstone deposits, in particular rubies and emeralds.[11] It is estimated that the mines at Kuran wa Munjan District hold up to 1,290 tonnes of azure (lapis lazuli).[12] Exploitation of this mineral wealth could be key to the region's prosperity.[11]Sport{{Further|Sport in Afghanistan}}The province is represented in Afghan domestic cricket competitions by the Badakhshan Province cricket team BORNA Cricket Club which belong to BORNA Institute of Higher Education is coming up with its own team and will be groomed by the experts in the field of cricket. Demography{{Further|Demographics of Afghanistan}}The population of the province is about 904,700, which is a multi-ethnic rural society.[13] Dari-speaking, Tajiks make up the majority followed by Uzbeks, Hazaras, Pashtuns, Kyrgyz, Qizilbash, and others.[14] There are also speakers of the following Pamiri languages: Shughni, Munji, Ishkashimi, and Wakhi. The inhabitants of the province are mostly Sunni Muslims, although there are also some Ismaili Shias. Historical population estimates for Badakhshan province are as follows:[15] Districts
Notable people from Badakhshan
See also
References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.statoids.com/uaf.html|title=Statoids}} 2. ^{{cite encyclopedia|last=Eilers |first=W. |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=BADAKŠĀN |url=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v3f4/v3f4a011.html |accessdate=21 August 2018 |edition=Online |publisher=Columbia University |location=United States |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102233859/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v3f4/v3f4a011.html |archivedate=2 January 2009 |df=dmy }} 3. ^Conflict analysis: Baharak district, Badakhshan province, http://www.cmi.no/pdf/?file=/afghanistan/doc/ACF280.pdf 4. ^https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/the-2015-insurgency-in-the-north-2-badakhshans-jurm-district-under-siege/ 5. ^{{cite web|title=M7.5 - 45km E of Farkhar, Afghanistan|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us10003re5#general_region|author=USGS|publisher=United States Geological Survey}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.afghan-bios.info/index.php?option=com_afghanbios&id=27&task=view&total=2220&start=22&Itemid=2 |title=Database – Who is who in Afghanistan? |publisher=Afghan-bios.info |accessdate=22 May 2012}} 7. ^1 2 3 Archive, Civil Military Fusion Centre, https://www.cimicweb.org/AfghanistanProvincialMap/Pages/Badakhshan.aspx 8. ^Deer, William A.; Howie, Robert A, and Zussman, Joseph (1963) "Lapis lazuli" Rock-Forming Minerals Longman, London, {{OCLC|61975619}} 9. ^Lapis lazuli was also found in the Urals Mountains in Russia. Deer et al. above 10. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav101502a.shtml | last=Entekhabi-Fard | first=Camelia | date=15 October 2002 | title=Northern Alliance Veteran Hopes Emeralds Are Key Part of Afghanistan’s Economic Recovery | publisher=Eurasia Insight | accessdate=20 August 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070708132142/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav101502a.shtml| archivedate= 8 July 2007 | deadurl= no}} 11. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://www.nerc.ac.uk/publications/planetearth/2006/winter/win06-afganistan.pdf | title=Afghanistan’s gemstones | publisher=Planet Earth | date=Winter 2006 | accessdate=20 August 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080911075028/http://www.nerc.ac.uk/publications/planetearth/2006/winter/win06-afganistan.pdf| archivedate= 11 September 2008 | deadurl= no}} 12. ^{{cite news |title=Karzai assigns team to probe azure mine issue |url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2014/01/20/karzai-assigns-team-probe-azure-mine-issue |first=Hidayatullah |last=Hamdard |publisher=Pajhwok Afghan News |date=20 January 2014 |accessdate=2014-01-20}} 13. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Badakhshan(1).pdf |title=Settled Population of Badakhshan province by Civil Division, Urban, Rural and Sex-2012-13 |accessdate=2012-10-20}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rkabuli.20m.com/index_3.html |title=1 Badakhshan |publisher=Rkabuli.20m.com |accessdate=22 May 2012}} 15. ^{{cite web|author=Andrew Ross (ross@undpafg.org.pk |url=http://www.fao.org/afghanistan/ |title=Afghanistan Geographic & Thematic Layers |publisher=Fao.org |accessdate=22 May 2012}} 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=144&Itemid=133 |title=Badakhshan Province |publisher=Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development |work=Government of Afghanistan and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)|accessdate=2012-10-30}} 17. ^Argo Centre 18. ^Baharak District 19. ^Draim District 20. ^Faiz Abad District (in Dari) 21. ^Ishkashim District 22. ^Jerm District 23. ^Khash District 24. ^Khowahan District 25. ^Kishm District 26. ^Keran Wa Menjan District 27. ^Nusay District 28. ^Shahr-e-Bozorg District 29. ^Sheghnan District 30. ^Shekay District 31. ^Shuhada District 32. ^Tushkan District 33. ^Wakhan District 34. ^Wardoj District 35. ^Yaftal Sofla District 36. ^Yamgan District 37. ^Zibak District Further reading
External links{{Commons category}}
|Centre = Badakhshan Province |North = Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province, {{flag|Tajikistan}} |Northeast = Xinjiang, {{flag|China}} |East = {{flag|Gilgit-Baltistan}} and {{flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa||}}, {{flag|Pakistan}} |Southeast = Nuristan Province |South = Panjshir Province |Southwest = Takhar Province |West = Khatlon Province, {{flag|Tajikistan}} |Northwest = Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province, {{flag|Tajikistan}} }}{{Provinces of Afghanistan}}{{Districts of Badakhshan}}{{Authority control}} 2 : Badakhshan Province|Provinces of Afghanistan |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。