| 词条 | 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division |
| 释义 |
|unit_name=Wessex Division 43rd (Wessex) Division 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division |image=43 inf div -vector.svg |image_size=200px |caption=Formation patch of the 43rd Division, World War II. |dates=1908–1919 1920–1945 1947–1961 |country={{flag|United Kingdom}} |allegiance= |branch={{army|United Kingdom}} |type=Infantry |role= |size=Division |command_structure= |current_commander= |notable_commanders=Arthur Percival Sir Ivor Thomas Sir George Erskine |nickname="The Fighting Wessex Wyverns" |patron= |motto= |colors= |march= |mascot= |battles=World War I World War II |anniversaries= }} The 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division was an infantry division of the British Army. The division served with distinction in the Second World War on the Western Front from June 1944 until May 1945, suffering heavy casualties but gaining an excellent reputation and was known to the Germans as the Yellow Devils. The division was disbanded and again reformed in the Territorial Army (TA) after the war. Beckett 2008 claims that Territorial Army units that were in suspended animation were formally reactivated on 1 January 1947, though no personnel were assigned until commanding officers and permanent staff had been appointed in March and April 1947.[1] On 1 May 1961 the division was merged with a district to become 43rd (Wessex) Division/District.[2] FormationThe division was created in 1908, originally as the Wessex Division, as part of the Territorial Force. It had under command the Hampshire Brigade, the South Western Brigade and the Devon and Cornwall Brigade, along with numerous other support units of the Royal Artillery, Royal Engineers and the Royal Army Medical Corps. World War IOn 24 September 1914, a few weeks after the outbreak of World War I, the division accepted overseas service in British India in order to relieve regular units that were required for active service in Europe. The Divisional and Brigade HQs, both artillery and infantry, did not embark for India. The "Division" sailed on 9 October 1914 and arrived in India in November, where it remained throughout the war, reverting to peacetime service conditions. However, it supplied battalions and drafts of replacements for the divisions fighting in the Middle East, seeing no active service. In May 1915 it became the 43rd (Wessex) Division and the brigades were redesignated the 128th (Hampshire) Brigade, 129th (South Western) Brigade and the 130th (Devon and Cornwall) Brigade respectively. Order of battle128th (Hampshire) Brigade
Second World WarThe 43rd Division was reformed a 1st Line Territorial Army formation after the war and was mobilised, as was the rest of the Territorial Army, shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939.[3] In May 1940, the division was preparing to go overseas to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France and Belgium but the Battle of France and the BEF's retreat to Dunkirk and subsequent evacuation changed all that. The division then spent many years in the United Kingdom on home defence, anticipating the potentiality of a German invasion of the British Isles.[3] In 1942, however, after the German invasion of the Soviet Union and the entrance of the United States into the war, the situation changed and the 43rd Division started training for offensive operations to return to mainland Europe. Throughout most of 1942, the division was part of XII Corps, serving alongside the 46th Infantry Division and 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division. XII Corps was, at the time, commanded by Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery.[3] In March 1942, the division also gained a new General Officer Commanding (GOC) in the form of Major-General Ivor Thomas. Thomas was a decorated officer who had served as a young battery commander in the Royal Artillery on the Western Front during World War I where he was twice wounded and awarded the Military Cross and the Distinguished Service Order. He would command the 43rd Division until September 1945.[3] In August 1942, the 128th Infantry Brigade (consisting of three battalions of the Hampshire Regiment) was transferred to the 46th (West Riding) Infantry Division, remaining with that division for the rest of the war. The 34th Tank Brigade arrived in September 1942 as part of an experiment with 'Mixed Divisions'.[3] However the experiment was abandoned (deemed unsuitable for the type of terrain in North-western Europe) in late 1943 and the 34th Tank Brigade was replaced, in October 1943, by the 214th Infantry Brigade, which was previously a Home Defence formation raised during the war. The 214th Brigade would remain with the 43rd Division for the rest of the war.[3] In June 1944, the 43rd (Wessex) Division was sent to Normandy, after the Allies invaded France on 6 June, where it joined the British Second Army and was initially earmarked as a reserve for Operation Epsom during the Battle for Caen. In July, it launched an attack, Operation Jupiter, against the German 9th SS Panzer Division on Hill 112, though it was beaten back after both sides had suffered horrendous casualties. The 43rd (Wessex) Division performed well in Normandy and was considered by many senior British officers to be one of the best divisions of the British Army during the Second World War. For the rest of the war Bernard Montgomery, commanding all British and Canadian troops in the campaign, preferred to use formations such as 43rd (Wessex) and 15th (Scottish) to spearhead his assaults. This was mainly due to issues of morale because veteran formations such as the 7th Armoured and 51st (Highland), both of which had seen extensive service in North Africa and the Mediterranean (and fought poorly in Normandy, according to senior officers), were judged as tired and war-weary with morale being almost dangerously fragile. With formations that had spent years in the United Kingdom training such as the 43rd (Wessex), 11th Armoured, 15th (Scottish) and 59th (Staffordshire) Divisions the problem of morale wasn't such an issue.[3] The 43rd (Wessex) Division was the first British formation to cross the Seine river, with an assault crossing at the French town of Vernon opposed by the 49th German Infantry Division (see 'Assault Crossing, The River Seine 1944' by Ken Ford). This crossing enabled the armour of XXX Corps, under Lieutenant General Brian Horrocks, to thrust across northern France into Belgium. Still, with XXX Corps, the division later played a major role in Operation Market Garden as the support to the Guards Armoured Division. During Market Garden, the 4th Battalion, Dorset Regiment of the 130th Infantry Brigade, successfully crossed the Rhine as a diversion, so that the battered remnants of the airborne troops of 1st Airborne Division, virtually destroyed as a fighting formation during the Battle of Arnhem, could withdraw more safely; yet the cost was high as many men of the 4th Battalion, Dorsets were themselves left behind on the north bank of the Rhine when the 43rd Division was forced to withdraw. After Market Garden the division garrisoned "The Island" and later participated in Operation Clipper alongside the U.S. 84th Infantry Division. The division then later played a comparatively small part in the mainly American Battle of the Bulge, the largest battle on the Western Front during World War II, where it was placed on the river Meuse as a reserve. The 43rd later played a large part in Operation Veritable attached to First Canadian Army, again as part of XXX Corps. They then crossed the River Rhine as the Allies invaded Germany itself.[3] By the end of the war in Europe, the 43rd Division had reached the Cuxhaven peninsula of northern Germany. Throughout the North West Europe Campaign the 43rd (Wessex) Division, like so many other Allied divisions that fought from Normandy to Germany, had suffered very heavy casualties with the majority of them, 80% in some units, being suffered by the average Tommy in the infantry battalions. From June 1944 to May 1945 the 43rd (Wessex) Division, or the Yellow Devils or British SS Division as known by the Germans, had suffered well over 12,500 casualties, with almost 3,000 killed in action. Order of battleThe 43rd Infantry Division was constituted as follows during the war[4] 128th Infantry Brigade (left 6 June 1942)[5]
After the warThe division was reactivated after the Second World War again as part of the Territorial Army. On 1 April 1967 the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers absorbed 43rd Wessex Division RE (TA).[11] All TA divisions were disbanded by 1968. Commanders
See also{{portal|British Army|World War I|World War II}}
References1. ^Beckett 2008, 169. 2. ^Beckett 2008, 183, 185, and regiments.org (archive), [https://web.archive.org/web/20070706233455/http://www.regiments.org/formations/uk-cmdarmy/uk-d-we.htm South Western District 1905-1972], accessed September 2012. 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web|url=http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30071750|title=badge, formation, 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division|publisher=Imperial War Museum|accessdate=4 August 2017}} 4. ^Joslen, pps. 69-70. 5. ^Joslen, p. 313. 6. ^Joslen, p. 314. 7. ^Joslen, p. 315. 8. ^Joslen, p. 203. 9. ^Joslen, p. 207. 10. ^Joslen, p. 377. 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.win.tue.nl/~drenth/BritArmy/Lineage/RE/index.html |title=Corps of Royal Engineers, Volunteer Regiments |accessdate=16 September 2016 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922082458/http://www.win.tue.nl/~drenth/BritArmy/Lineage/RE/index.html |archivedate=22 September 2007 |df=dmy }} Bibliography
External links
7 : Infantry divisions of the British Army in World War I|Infantry divisions of the British Army in World War II|Military units and formations established in 1908|Military units and formations disestablished in 1961|1908 establishments in the United Kingdom|1961 disestablishments in the United Kingdom|Wessex |
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